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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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carbohydrates found in the body
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monosaccharides
oligosaccharides polysaccharides |
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what are the clinically important carbohydrates
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glucose
fructose galactose glycogen |
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nature of insulin
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-synthesized in beta cells
-formed as prepro-insulin -cleaved to pro insulin -pro insulin packaged in golgi -cleaved to insulin and C- peptide -released in response to hyperglycemia |
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the _______and ________ method can be used to determine glucose
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glucose oxidase and hexokinase
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the limitations to glucose oxidase
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peroxidase prone to interference, non-specific
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which is more specific glucose oxidase or hexokinase
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hexokinase
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common methods for determining urine glucose
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reagent strip
clinistix- specific to glucose clinitest- based on benedict's test |
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hypoglycemia is _________
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low levels of plasma glucose
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what can cause hypoglycemia
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-fasting
-excessive alcohol intake -inborn errors of metabolism -drugs ie. overdose, ackee poisoning |
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diabetes mellitus is _________
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a chronic metabolic disorder
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common feature of diabetes mellitus (DM)
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hyperglycemia
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DM Type 1
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-pancreatic islet cell destruction -absolute lack of insulin
-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
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type 1 a also known as _______
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juvenile diabetes
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DM type 1 is prone to
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-diabetic ketoacidosis
-increase urea -decrease Na -increase K -decreased HCO3 |
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DM type 2
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-defects in insulin production
-beta cell dysfunction -increase hepatic glucose production - less prone to ketoacidosis |
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gestational diabetes refers to_________
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any degree of glucose intolerance deytected during pregnancy
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diabetic ketoacidosis
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- ketone production via liver exceeds cellular use and renal excretion (tpye 1DM)
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hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
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-hyperglycemia
-hyperosmolarity -dehydration |
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hypoglycemia
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decrease in normal blood glucose levels
occurs mainly in persons treated with insulin injections/ oral hypoglycemic agents |
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diagnosis based on
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plasma/serum glucose values
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random glucose
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normal 2.5-7.2 mmol/L
diabetic >/= 11,1 mmol/L |
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fasting plasma glucose
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normal 3.8-5.6 mmol/L
diabetic >/= 7.8mmol/L |
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2hr pp
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normal <5.6mmol/L
diabetic >/= 11.1mmol/L |
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HbA1c
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glycated Hb used to monitor long term blood glucose in diabetics
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glucose is attcahed to the ______ of the Hb beta chain via ________ reaction
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N-terminal, non- enzymatic
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microalbumin
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urinary albumin loss > than normal but below detection by dipstick
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first sign of diabetic nephropathy
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proteinuria
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OGT
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used when patient's state is not clearly established via other tests
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RBC is ________ _______ to glucose
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freely premeable
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glycated HB is _______ _______ to the amount of circulating glucose
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directly proportional
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