Clep Biology

Front 1

Do endothermic reactions require or release energy?

Back 1

Require

Front 2

What determines the pH scale?

Back 2

Concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Basic=high conc Acidic=low conc

Front 3

What element is in all organic compounds?

Back 3

Carbon

Front 4

What is the type of bond that connects atoms to make molecules?

Back 4

Covalent

Front 5

What is a monosaccharide?

Back 5

The sugar unit in carbs, ex glucose

Front 6

Lipid

Back 6

Organic compound, hydrophobic, energy storage, waxy barriers ex fats

Front 7

Polysaccharide

Back 7

Carbohydrate consisting of sugar molecules bonded together, plant starch, energy storage, ex cellulose

Front 8

Proteins

Back 8

Amino acid polymers, multifunctional, enzymes

Front 9

What element are amino acids largely composed of?

Back 9

Nitrogen

Front 10

Enzymes

Back 10

Proteins that catalyze reactions by reducing the activation energy. The active site bonds to the substrate

Front 11

Peptide

Back 11

Short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bond, make proteins, ex hormones

Front 12

What makes up the strands of DNA and what are their pairs?

Back 12

ACGT C-G A-T

Front 13

What makes up strands of RNA and what are their pairs?

Back 13

ACGU C-G A-U

Front 14

Prokaryotic cell

Back 14

No nucleus or membrane-bound structures, single chromosome DNA, unicellular, ex bacteria

Front 15

Eukaryotic cell

Back 15

Membrane-bound intracellular organelles, organized chromosomes (in nucleus), cell membrane, ex plant, fungi, animals

Front 16

Cell membrane

Back 16

Controls movement in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer, specialized proteins, used ATP for active transport

Front 17

Cytoskeleton

Back 17

Structural cell support, cytosol=aqueous fluid in cell, cytoplasm=cell component

Front 18

Ribosome

Back 18

Protein synthesis in cell, DNA-mRNA-tRNA-polypeptide

Front 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 19

Delivers lipids and proteins in cell

Front 20

Golgi apparatus

Back 20

Storing, packaging, shipping proteins

Front 21

Lysosome

Back 21

Break down unused material using digestive enzymes

Front 22

Mitochondria

Back 22

Cellular respiration, breaks covalent bonds in sugars (glycolysis), intakes oxygen, releases ATP, has its own DNA RNA ribosomes, anaerobic, produces CO2, uses electron receptors

Front 23

Virus

Back 23

Protein capsule, DNA, uses host cell mechanisms, viral coat protein

Front 24

Steroids

Back 24

Lower the production of chemicals that cause inflammation

Front 25

Nucleus

Back 25

Chromosomes, rRNA synthesized

Front 26

Chromosomes

Back 26

Long chains of nucleosides, DNA strand

Front 27

What do plant cells have the animals do not?

Back 27

Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

Front 28

Cell wall

Back 28

Cellulose and lignin, rigid to store water, cell membrane has channels for passage through the wall

Front 29

Chloroplast

Back 29

Photosynthesis, solar energy-chemical energy-covalent bonds

Front 30

Central vacuole

Back 30

Membrane bound fluid sac, store water and soluble nutrients, keep rigid shape by absorbing more water

Front 31

Enzyme-substrate complex

Back 31

When an enzyme fits with a substrate, makes reactions happen

Front 32

Cofactor

Back 32

Non-protein substance required for enzymatic reactions

Front 33

Restriction enzyme

Back 33

Prevents reactions from happening by cleaving to DNA at sequence-specific sites

Front 34

Enzyme inhibitor

Back 34

Attaches to an enzyme to prevent a reaction happening

Front 35

Krebs cycle

Back 35

Chemical reaction that releases stored energy through oxidation (losing electrons) of carbs, fats, proteins. Catalyzed by enzymes, happens in mitochondria

Front 36

Oxidation vs reduction

Back 36

Oxidation=losing electrons reduction=gaining electrons

Front 37

ATP and AMP

Back 37

ATP=compound that stores energy for use in chemical processes

AMP=component of ATP, RNA

Front 38

How does energy transform through the food chain?

Back 38

Primary producers (photosynthesizers) are eaten by consumers who utilize the chemical energy stored, energy is lost as heat

Front 39

Cellular metabolism and catabolism

Back 39

Energy transformation, catabolic reaction=molecules are breaking down, releasing energy

Front 40

Photosynthesis

Back 40

Plant reaction, carbon dioxide and water and light create glucose and oxygen. In chlorophyll, green pigment helps absorb light energy through photons

Front 41

Photolysis

Back 41

Light reaction that decomposes molecules. Chlorophyll absorbs a photon, increases the energy and excites electrons, then gas is released, hydrogen ion saved

Front 42

Calvin cycle

Back 42

CO2 fixation, transforms energy from CO2 to starch/sugars for storage, light independent

Front 43

Glycolysis

Back 43

First step of cellular respiration. Breaking down covalent bonds in glucose to yield ATP, anaerobic. In mitochondria.

Front 44

Aerobic vs anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 44

Aerobic=glycolysis-krebs cycle-electron transport chain

Anaerobic=glycolysis-fermentation

Front 45

Gene

Back 45

DNA length that encodes a protein, which codes for a function, which is expressed as a trait

Front 46

DNA replication

Back 46

Aided by helicase, uses existing strand of DNA as a template

Front 47

Protein synthesis

Back 47

In ribosome, transcription=RNA forms from a gene in the nucleus, becomes mRNA, then translation=nucleotide makes amino acids, becomes tRNA. Waste is nitrogen

Front 48

Structural vs regulatory gene

Back 48

Structural=organs and structure

Regulatory=functional and physiological

Front 49

DNA replication changes

Back 49

Transduction=transfers genetic material from bacterial cell to another cell

Transformation=bacteria absorbs and incorporates new DNA

Front 50

Cell divison

Back 50

Reproduction, mitosis of DNA

Front 51

Alleles

Back 51

Different forms of genes