Biology Clep

Front 1

Hydrocarbons

Back 1

Basic building blocks of all organisms

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Four basic groups of polymers (macromolecules)

Back 2

Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,nucleic acid

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Carbohydrates

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Many are sugars.
Contain carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen (CH20)

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Glycogen

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Animal version of starch

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Lipids

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Group of molecules (fats/oils) that are insoluble in water

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Protein

Back 6

Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells.Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.

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What are the six levels of a protein structure?

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(1)the amino acid sequence,(2)coils and sheets,(3)folds or creases called motifs,(4)three-dimensional shape,(5)functional units called domains,(6) individual polypeptide subunits

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What are the seven basic functions that proteins facilitate in organisms?

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Enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion,regulation,storage

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Enzyme catalysis (proteins)

Back 9

facilitate chemical reactions in the organism

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Defense
(proteins)

Back 10

Form the basis of the immune system

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Transport
(proteins)

Back 11

Carry O2 to tissues and CO2 away from tissues

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Support
(proteins)

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maintain the shape and protection of the organism (skin, ligaments,bones, hair)

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Motion
(proteins)

Back 13

contract muscles

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Regulation
(proteins)

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Act as messengers to and from brain, muscles, various systems

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Storage
(proteins)

Back 15

bind calcium and iron for later use

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Three main theories of the Origin of Life

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Abiogenesis, Cosmozioc and Supreme Being

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Abiogenesis

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Theory that life came from some form of non-life
(spontaneous generation,evolution,phylogenesis,big-bang theory

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Cosmozioc

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Theory that man came from space

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Supreme Being

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Theory that a Supreme Being made man.

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Cell

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Smallest structral unit that makes up and carries out the functions of all organisms

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What are the three types of cells?

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Prokaryotic, Generalized Eurkaryotic (animal)Cell, Generalized Eukaryotic (plant) Cell

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Prokaryotic Cell

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Simplist organisms that cause disease

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Two Groups of Prokaryotic Cells

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archaebacteria and bacteria

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Eukaryotic (Plant) Cell

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Carries out specialized functions for plants

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Plasma Membrane

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encloses a cell and seperates contents from its surroundings
(composed of phospholipid bilayer)

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Phospholipid bilayer

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Impedes the passage of any water-soluble substances

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Structure of Cell Organelles

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Cell wall, cytoskeleton, flagella(cilia), plasma membrane,endoplasmic reticulum (ER), centrioles,nucleus,golgi apparatus,lysosomes, microbodies, chloroplasts, chromosomes, nucleolus, ribosomes, vacuoles

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Function of Cell Wall

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Protection; support

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Function of Cytoskeleton

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Structural support; cell movement

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Function of Flagella (cilia)

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Motility or moving fluids over surfaces

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Function of Plasma Membrane

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Regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell to cell recognition

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Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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Forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis

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Function of Centrioles

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Help assemble microtubules

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Function of Nucleus

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Control center of cell; directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction

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Function of Golgi Apparatus

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Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles

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Function of Lysosomes

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Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; play role in cell death

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Function of Microbodies

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Isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell

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Function of Mitrochondria

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Site of oxidative metabolism

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Function of Chloroplasts

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Site of photosynthesis

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Function of Chromosomes

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Contain hereditary information

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Function of Nucleolus

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Assemble ribosomes

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Function of Ribosomes

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Site of protein synthesis

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Vacuoles

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Storage compartment for water, sugar, ions, pigments

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What do enzymes do?

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Act as catalysts in biological processes

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Substrate

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A surface on which an organism grows or is attached

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James Watson and Francis Crick

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Scientist who proposed that the structure of DNA molecule was two chains of nucleotides and are intertwined to make a double helix

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Charles Darwin

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Theory of evolution and natural selection

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Natural Selection

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Nature determines if a species will survive

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Evolution

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Changes in a species over time that allows it to survive

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Gregor Mendel

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Father of genetics and inheritance

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Chromosomes in DNA do what?

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Carry genes

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Somatic Cell

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Full set of chromosomes (46)

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Cloning

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Reproducing by using the somatic cell

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Gametes

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Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) 1/2 set of normal chromosomes. Two fuse together to make zygote

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Zygote

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First part of a human

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Polygenetic

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Two pairs of genes that are used to determine what is passed on

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Rh Factor

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Any of several substances on the surface of red blood cells that induce a strong antigenic response in individuals lacking the substance. It can be positive or negative.

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Tay-Sachs disease

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Fatal genetic disorder where harmful quantities of a fatty substance (ganglioside GM2) accumulate in the nerve cells in the brain.

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Cystic Fibrosis

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A chronic, progressive, and frequently fatal genetic disease of the mucus glands.

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Autosomal chromosomes

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Non-sex-linked chromosomes

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Sickle Cell Anemia

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An abnormal red blood cell that is not round and makes clogs causing oxygen deprivation.

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Amniocentesis

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Test of the amionic fluid that can show genetic problems in a fetus

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Genetic engineering

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Adding desirable traits by inserting genes

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Artificial insemination

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Process where sperm from a male is injected into a females for the purpose of conception

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Artifical implant

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Zygote is inserted into a uterus

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Invitro Fertilization

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Combining of a sperm and and egg in a lab setting and then implanted

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Ovary

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Place where eggs are developed

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Ovulation

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Matured egg breaks through the ovary

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Yolk sac

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filled with food for the embryo

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Amnionic cavity

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Site where baby develops in any cordata/land vertebrae animal.

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Placenta

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Excretion track for the embryo
(only found in mammals)

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Water

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90% of the body is water

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Carbohydrates

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Sugar and starches

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Proteins

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Sources of essential amino acids

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Fats

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General storage area for food

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Transpiration

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The evaporation of water from plants whent the stomata in the cell are open during photosynthesis.

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Vascular cambium

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Extends through a plant and veins of its leaves sending minerals and water to its parts.

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Four qualifications for research

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Replicable, falsifiable,stated precisely, apply principle of parsimomy or Occam's razor (logical,simplist explanation possible)

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Scientific Method

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hypothesis, information gathering, refining theory, developing theory

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Types of research methods

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Case study, survey, naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, psychological tests, cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies, correlational research

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Positive correlation

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one variable increases and the other increases

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Negative correlation

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one variable increases and the other decreases

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Census

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Collection of data from all cases or people in a chosen set.