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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Neucleus, neucleic acids
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Interior is made up of complex solution (homogeneous mixture of two or more components that cant be seen) and heterogeneous colloid (too small to be seen but large enough to not form a solution).
Neucleus- contains DNA and protein(chromosomes) including the genes which tell the cell what and how to do it.
Neucleic acids-major group of organic compounds which are made up of sub-units called nucleotides. -fundamental in the storage and transmition of genetic information that controls the cells functions and interatctions |
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Cell wall, cell membrane |
Cell Wall- Support (grow tall), protection, allows H2O, o2, and CO2 to diffuse in and out of the cell (diffusion) Not animal cells
Cell Membrane- support, protection, controls movement in and out of the cell,barrier between the cell and its environment, maintains homeostasis (constant internal environment) All cells
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosome |
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- series of double layered membranes which provides surface area for enzymes to mix chemical reactions (moves material through cells as well as aids in making proteins). Can have a smooth layer without ribosomes. Connects to neuclear envelope and cell membrane.
Ribosomes- tiny granuals in the cytoplasm as free floaters or along the surface of the ER. Synthesizes proteins |
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Mitochondrion and Vacuole |
Mitochondrion- breaks down sugar to release energy, site of aerobic cellular respiration. Double membrane, outer smooth and inner folded
Vacuole- Largest organelle in plants, fluid filled sacs. Stores food, water, metabolic and toxic waste. Stores large amounts of food or sugar in plants. |
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Lysosome and Chloroplast |
Lysosome- Single membrane, small round. breaks down larger to smaller food molecules. Digests old cell parts. Animals, common
Chloroplast- Uses the energy from the sun to make food (glucose) for the plant. Process called photosynthesis. Releases oxygen. Found only in plants and algae. Double membrane. Green oval containing green pigment (chlorophyll). |
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Golgi Apparatus, Cilia, and flagellum |
Golgi Apparatus- looks like a stack of flattened oval bowl shaped membranes where membranes pass through. Changes proteins made by cells. Packages and exports proteins.
Cilia-found in animal cells..used for movement of cells. Has a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules. Its short but numerous.
Flagellum- found in bacterial cells and protozones. Used for movement and has a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules. Long but few in number |
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Cells
Structure and function of a cell organelle
Centriolles and Cytoskeleton |
Centriolles- found in animal cells. Seperates chromosome pairs during mitosis (cell division of 2 daughter cells that have the same number and kind of chromosome)
Cytoskeleton- Found in all cells. Strengthen cells and maintain their shape. Moves organelles within the cell. Made up of microtubules 7 microfilaments |
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Cells
Properties of cell membranes |
Surrounds the cytoplasm at the cells surface
Main building blocks: Lipids- most abundant in the membrane, fat-soluble substance. 2 main lipids found are phospholipids and steroids. Cholesterol Protein Carbohydrates |
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Cells
Comparison of prokaryotic and eukriotic cells |
Eukriotic- includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals. -have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane which has the chromosomes. -contain mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and most other organellees. -all contents of these cells are enclosed within a plasma membrane which is also enclosed in a cell wall.
Prokaryotic cells- more primative and include bacteria and blue-green algae. -do not have a nuclear membrane, instead have a nucleooid (contains a single circular chromosome) -chromosomes arre comprised of nucleic acids (without proteins) -contains no mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or vacuoles. have cells walls containing muramic acid |
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Enzymes
Enzyme-substrate complex |
Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions allowing for greater cellular activity in a shorter period of time. -highly selective, and will only activate with one substrate. Substrate- molecules with which the enzymes bond. Bonds to a small area which is the active site.
When the enzyme is bonded to the substrate. -when complete, enzyme releases the product and is ready to bond with another substrate. |
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Enzymes
Roles of coenzymes |
-Transport groups between enzymes -directly involved and altered in the course of chemical reactions. |
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Energy transformations
Glycolysis and respiration and anaerobic pathways
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Glycolysis- first series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration. -glucose is converted to pyruvic acid
Respiration-series of chemical reaction that frees the energy in fat, protein, and carbohydrate food molecules which makes it available to the cells. -oxygen-requiring stage in these reactions. anerobic respiration-occurs without any oxygn
Anaerobic pathways- -fermentation- many cells can obtain energy without oxygen. It converts pyruvate into alcohol |
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Enzymes
Photosynthesis |
-takes place in the chloroplasts of green leaves and stems -food-making process of green plants by the light trapping pigment chlorophyll. -changing of light energy into chemical energy -made up of carbon dioxide and water -takes place inside chloroplasts (membranous structures within the cells of the leaf. |
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Cell Division
Structure of Chromosomes |
44 of our chromosomes are AUTOSOMES, while 2 are called sex chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells have one chromosome
Eukaryotic cell division involves a series ofsteps that are distinct known as karyokinesis. |
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Cell division
Mitosis in plants and animals |
Mitosis- cell division in which the daughter cells are similar to the mother cell (neuclei have to have the same number and type of chromosomes. - Occurs in the formation of body cells
Plants-occurs in the meristems Animals- occurs in skin and bone marrow
Animals-In prophase, the centriols replicate and a pair migrates toward each pole. In Telophase, at the equator, the cytoplasm turns inward, pinching the old cell into two new ones.
Plants-In Telophase, a cell plate separates the two new cells |
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Cell Division
Cytokinesis |
The seperation of the cytoplasm following neuclear division |
