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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
the naming of organisms based on a system |
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What is the goal of modern taxonomy |
describe phylogeny |
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Phylogenetic Systematics |
taxonomy based on phylogeny |
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phylogeny |
shape/structure |
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taxon |
a group of related organisms all members of a taxon should have a common ancestor Example: domain, kingdom |
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the only taxon with a biological bases is the species |
the only taxon with a biological bases is the species |
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What system do we use to assign scientific names of species |
binomial nomeclature |
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Phylogenetic trees |
graphical presentation of phylogeny (evolutionary relatedness) |
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extant |
in exsistancy |
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What does a node symbolize |
an evolutionary change "divergence" |
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homologous traits |
due to the descent from a common ancestor (forelimbs of fish and mammals) |
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Synapomorphies |
homologous traits that differ between groups due to divergent evolution (forelimb fins vs. legs) |
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What principle is used to make phylogentic trees? |
Hennig principle |
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How do you determine homologous traits |
morphology: skeletal arrangements, flower parts, embryonic development biochemistry: DNA sequences, protein sequences, metabolism |
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The traits used in phylogeny trees should be |
under genetic control show variation between taxons and similar within taxons traits being studied are independent of each other Subject to genetic variation |
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assumptions on phylogeny |
most closely related species share the greatest number of traits |
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Homoplasy |
apparent homology not consistent with other homogies example( whale and fish) |
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what causes homoplasy |
convergent evolution |
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what is convergent evolution |
similar traits arise independently in not closely related organisms |
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Revertance |
mutation and selection back to the ancestral form (antibiotic resistance in bacteria) |
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Phenetics |
(derived from phenotype) relationships among a group of organisms based on their similarity resulting trees are called phenograms physical manifestation and similarities |
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Calasdistics |
identifying groups based on shared derived characteristics (identifying the pathway of evolution) resulting trees are cladograms |
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Out group analysis |
identify and characterize a series of independent traits in organisms of interests outgroup= evolutionary oldest group |
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Parimony |
adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a hypothesis have the fewest number of evolutionary changes |
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How does convergent evolution differ from divergent evolution |
convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar traits in non related organisms. ex: fins of whales and fish Divergent evolution is when difference occur between two populations that eventually lead to a new species. ex: arms of bat and human |
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human Taxon |
Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primate Family: Hominid Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens |
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What distinguished Eukaryotes |
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles(cell structure) |
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What distinguishes kingdom animalia |
Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls. (cellstructure) |
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What distinguishes phylum chorodata |
Sometime during their development, a notochord(a rod of cartilage along the length of the back) is formed. In the subphylum Vertebrata, the notochord isreplaced by a backbone during development. (Embryology) |
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What distinguishes class mammalia |
Adult females of this class contain a mammarygland (morphology) that lactates (produce milk: biochemistry) to feed theiryoung. |
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What distinguishes order primate |
Well developed binocular vision (i.e., see inthree dimension) resulting in the reduction of the snout (the part of the facethat holds the nose) to position the eyes in the front of the face. Form limbs (i.e., arms) are designed forgrasping. (morphology) |
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What distinguishes family hominid |
Bipedal locomotion (i.e., they walk on their two hindlegs. An adaptation for savanna (few trees))(morphological) |
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What distinguishes genus Homo |
1. Sweat glands throughout (Adaptation to hotenvironment. Our ancestors were pursuitpredators.) 2. Tool maker with large brain relative to its body size(morphology). |
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What distinguishes species sapien |
Reproductively isolated from all other primatesbecause of a difference in chromosome numbers. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome, while the other great apes have 24pairs. As a result, hybrids cannotproduce fertile offspring.>gqI |
