Bio 1210 Lab Quiz 1

Front 1

What are cell walls made of?

Back 1

cellulose, other polysaccharides and protein

Front 2

because animal cells lack cell walls:

Back 2

they are more susceptible to changes in solute concentration

Front 3

what are plasmodesmata?

Back 3

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

Front 4

what is a good material for observing plasmodesmata?

Back 4

land flowering plants such as the skin of a fully ripe tomato

Front 5

if plant or animal cells are placed in ______ solution, the cell contents _____ in a process called ____

Back 5

hypertonic, shrink, plasmolysis

Front 6

what is a hypertonic solution?

Back 6

a concentration of solute higher than that of the cell contents

Front 7

when water passes by the inside of the cell to the outside across this membrane this is called:

Back 7

osmosis

Front 8

if a plant cell is put in a ____ solution, the cell will become _____ due to _______

Back 8

hypotonic, turgid, water moving into the cell

Front 9

if an animal cell were put into a _____ solution, water would move into the cell until it ______

Back 9

hypotonic, lysed (burst)

Front 10

what is a hypotonic solution?

Back 10

a lower concentration of solute than that of the cell contents

Front 11

what is a good material for observing plasmolytic shrinkage?

Back 11

purple skinned onion

Front 12

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

Back 12

a process of cytoplasm movement which occurs in many cell types

Front 13

cytoplasmic streaming occurs along ___ _____ in the ________ of the cell. this movement requires ______

Back 13

actin filaments, cytoskeleton, ATP

Front 14

cytoplasmic streaming is common in ____ _____ ___ and can be clearly seen in the midrib cells of the _____ ______

Back 14

large plant cells, elodea leaf

Front 15

what are cell walls for?

Back 15

maintains cell shape, supports the plant, prevents excess uptake of water, protects cell from mechanical damage

Front 16

how are cells formed?

Back 16

cell division - meiosis and mitosis

Front 17

meiosis results in the production of:

Back 17

haploid cells from diploid cells

Front 18

mitosis is a cell division in which the ______ _____ of the parent cell is:

Back 18

genetic material, passed to the daughter cell.

Front 19

in mitosis, if the parent cell was diploid the daughter cell would be:

if the parent cell was haploid the daughter cell would be:

Back 19

diploid, haploid

Front 20

mitosis is confined to _____ ______ such as:

Back 20

localized regions, apical meristems

Front 21

what do apical meristems and localized regions do?

Back 21

contribute to the extensions of roots and shoots

Front 22

what does the cambium do?

Back 22

contributes to increasing girth

Front 23

what are the procedures for studying plant mitosis?

Back 23

1. fixation

2. hydrolysis

3. staining

4. squashing

Front 24

what is fixation?

Back 24

treating cells with certain acids and alcohols. purpose is to kill the cells and preserve the tissue

Front 25

plant cells are often cemented together by an intercellular layer known as the:

Back 25

middle lamella

Front 26

what breaks down the middle lamella so that cells can be squashed?

Back 26

exposure of tissues to acids such as hydrochloric acid. this is called hydrolysis

Front 27

what is the point of squashing?

Back 27

plant root tips consist of many layers of cells. in order to visualize single cells or a single cell layer, cells are hydrolysed, stained, and squashed.

Front 28

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

Back 28

1. interphase

- mitosis -

2. prophase

3. metaphase

4. anaphase

5. telophase

- cytokinesis -

Front 29

what is the purpose of using hydrochloric acid on cell tissues?

Back 29

breaks down the middle lamella so that cells can be squashed to obtain a layer of flattened cells

Front 30

in which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?

Back 30

interphase

Front 31

of the four stages of mitosis, which one does the cell spend most of its time in?

Back 31

prophase

Front 32

which stage of mitosis is the shortest in duration?

Back 32

anaphase

Front 33

most multicellular organisms are _____, meaning they have:

Back 33

diploid, two sets of chromosomes, usually originating from each parent

Front 34

the amount of DNA that can be extracted is not only dependent on the total number of ______ but upon:

Back 34

chromosomes, size of the chromosomes expressed as Mbp

Front 35

what does Mbp stand for?

Back 35

million base pairs

Front 36

to extract the DNA located within the nuclei of cells, the ____ and ____ ______ must be:

Back 36

plasma, nuclear, lysed

Front 37

what are used in order to extract DNA from nuclei of cells?

Back 37

detergents, salt and ethanol

Front 38

how do detergents lyse plasma and nuclear membranes?

Back 38

by seperating lipid molecules of the membranes

Front 39

how is the breakdown of plant cells done in order to extract DNA?

Back 39

mechanically or with heat

Front 40

DNA is ____ in _____ and will clump together and precipitate out

Back 40

insoluble, ethanol

Front 41

The colder the ____, the _____ ____ the ____ is.

Back 41

ethanol, less soluble, DNA

Front 42

high temperatures result in:

Back 42

the breakdown of DNA, thus it might not be possible to extract DNA from toasted or baked products

Front 43

which substances has the most DNA after extraction?

Back 43

raw wheat germ

Front 44

which substance is DNA absent after extraction?

Back 44

toasted wheat germ

Front 45

why did you use hot water in the wheat germ experiments?

Back 45

to break down the cell walls for DNA extraction

Front 46

what does ethanol do to DNA?

Back 46

the DNA is clumped together and precipitate out

Front 47

what does salt do in DNA extraction?

Back 47

helps to keep proteins in the extract layer so they arent precipitated with the DNA

Front 48

where else can DNA come from a cell other than the nucleus?

Back 48

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Front 49

what factors contribute to the amount of DNA extracted from plants vs animals?

Back 49

the presence of cell walls in plant cells that are broken down mechanically or through heat has extracted a higher amount of DNA compared to the human buccal cells

Front 50

why are drosphila melanogaster (fruit flies) convenient for genetic experiments?

Back 50

because the complete life cycle is short (12 days) and the reproduction timeline is short

Front 51

compare male fruit flies vs female fruit flies

Back 51

-the males are smaller

-males have a solid black tip on the posterior of the abdomen

-in the female there is a series of fine bars across the posterior part of the abdomen

-males also have a sex comb on the uppermost tarsal joint on each foreleg

-males have a genital arch, females do not

Front 52

are fruit flies eye color sex linked or autosomal?

Back 52

sex-linked (x-linked)

Front 53

what is the mode of inheritance for fruit fly eye color?

Back 53

sex linked trait