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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the general composition and characteristics for monosaccharides? |
-a multiple of the unit CH20 -glucose C6H12O6 is the most common monosaccharide -has a carbonyl group C=O, and a hydroxyl group -OH |
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what are the two main groups of sugars? (monosaccharides) |
ketoses and aldoses |
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what are aldoses? |
aldehyde sugars with C=O on the end of the carbon skeleton |
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what are ketoses? |
a ketone sugar with C=O on the second from the end of the carbon skeleton |
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what is a disaccharide? |
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
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how is a glycosidic linkage formed? |
it is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. a dehydration reaction is a conversion that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules or ions |
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what are 3 types of disaccharides and their compositions? |
maltose - glucose + glucose sucrose - glucose + fructose lactose - glucose + galactose |
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what are exergonic reactions? |
a chemical reaction that releases energy |
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what is a endergonic reaction? |
a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed |
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what is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways |
-catabolic pathways are exergonic that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. -anabolic pathways are endogonic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. |
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what is ATP composed of? |
-nitrogenous base adenine -sugar ribose -3 phosphate groups |
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how is ADP made? |
when the bonds of ATP are broken by hydrolysis, the addition of water, an inorganic phosphate molecule leaves the ATP to become ADP, and releases energy. |
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what is the general equation of aerobic cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy |
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what is a redox reaction? |
a chemical reaction where there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
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what is oxidation? |
the loss of electrons from one substance |
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what is reduction? |
the addition of electrons to another substance |
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what is the function of ATP? |
main energy source for metabolic functions |
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what is the function of NADH? |
transfers electrons to the mitochondria |
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what is the function of FADH2? |
donates electrons to the electron transport chain |
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what is the function of CO2? |
it is a waste product from cellular respiration |
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where does glycolysis occur? |
in the cytoplasm of the cell |
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what are the two phases of glycolysis? |
energy investment phase and energy pay off phase |
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how many ATP are involved in glycolysis? |
Used: 2 Produced: 4 Net yield: 2 |
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what are the products of glycolysis from 1 glucose molecule? |
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 three carbon sugars from 6 carbon sugar glucose, to form two molecules of 3 carbon pyruvates |
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Describe the chemical reaction process of glycolysis |
-Glucose -Glucose 6 Phosphate -Fructose 6 Phosphate -Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate -Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate -3 carbon Pyruvate |
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Describe the process of Pyruvate oxidation |
-2 three carbon Pyruvates enter mitochondrial matrix from cytosol via transport protein -Pyruvate oxidation (removal of electron) H+ loss, (loses a carbon) CO2 produced, (1 NADH produced) x2 -2 two carbon Acetyl CoAs |
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What is a cycle? |
A beginning with a certain compound, which goes around a whole cycle to get back to the original compound |
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where can the krebs cycle occur? |
in the mitochondrial matrix in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (only in test tube) |
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what is the net yield for 1 Acetyl CoA in krebs cycle? 2 Acetyl CoAs? |
-3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2 -6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 |
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Describe the reactions in the Krebs Cycle |
-Two carbon pyruvate -4 carbon Oxaloacetate -6 carbon Citrate/Citric Acid -5 carbon a-Ketoglutarate (1 CO2, 1 NADH) -4 carbon Succinate or Succinyl CoA (1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 ATP) -Flumerate (1 FADH2) -Malate (1 NADH) -4 carbon Oxaloacetate |
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where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotic cells? prokaryotes? |
eukaryotes: embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria prokaryotes: in the plasma membrane |
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what is the electron transport chain and what is its function, and where is it located? |
a group of compounds that transport electrons from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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where are electrons from NADH received in the electron transport chain? |
multiprotein complex I |
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where are electrons from FADH2 received in the electron transport chain? |
multiprotein complex II |
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what is the multiprotein complex and how many are there in the electron transport chain? |
a group of polypeptide chains. there are multiprotein complexes 1-4 |
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what are used to power proton pumps? |
energy released from electrons flowing through enzymatic complexes 1,3, 4 |
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what do proton pumps pump and where do they go? |
they pump H+'s from the mitochondrial matrix into the spaces between membranes called the intermembrane space |
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what is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosporylation? |
oxygen sits at the end of the electron transport chain where it accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water |
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what is chemiosmosis? |
the use of a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP |
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what are the membranes of the mitochondria? |
the inner membrane, the outer membrane and the intermembrane space which is the area between the inner and outer membrane |
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when a hydrogen atom loses an electron what is it? |
an H+, which is a proton |
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how many ATP can NADH and FADH2 produce in the electron transport chain? |
1 NADH: 3 ATP 1 FADH2: 2 ATP |
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what happens every time the electron moves down each step of the electron transport chain? |
energy is released which is used to power the proton pumps |
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what do proton pumps pump and where do they go? |
H+s from the matrix, into the intermembrane space |
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where can H+'s and other ions cross the membrane? |
they cannot cross the lipid membrane, but they can cross through the transmembrane pore, ATP synthase. |
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what do H+'s and ATP synthase do together? |
H+'s move from the intermembrane space into ATP synthase which powers it to add phosphate to ADP to generate ATP which ends up in the mitochondrial matrix. this is called Chemiosmosis |
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what is ATP synthase and its function? |
an enzyme that uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis |
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how much ATP is produced for glycolysis, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? |
2, 2, and 32 or 34. altogether it is 36 or 38 per glucose |
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how does NADH from the cytoplasm get its electrons inside the membrane? |
it passes its electrons to another NADH on the inside through a transport system |
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why is there 36 or 38 ATP produced? |
if NADH transfers its electrons it will be maximum (38), if FADH2 transfers its electrons it will be minimum (36) *can be 37 |
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how many ATP does anaerobic respiration yield? |
2 ATP/glucose |
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what would occur in the absence of oxygen? |
the system would accumulate electrons, saturate and prevent further formation of NADH and FADH2, because these molecules will not be able to return to their oxidized states |
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how does fermentation produce ATP? |
in the absence of oxygen, glycolysis couples with fermentation to produce ATP by substrate level phosphorylation |
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in the absence of oxygen, organisms can convert ___ ____ to ____ ___ |
pyruvic acid, lactic acid |
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when oxygen is available, ____ ____ can be converted to _____ ____ |
lactic acid, pyruvic acid |
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in microorganisms and plants, pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen: |
ferments and turns into ethanol. goes from 3 carbon compound to 2 carbon ethanol |
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what are the differences between aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation? |
-aerobic cellular respiration: uses oxygen, uses electron transport chain -anaerobic cellular respiration: does not use oxygen, uses electron transport chain -fermentation: does not use oxygen, does not use electron transport chain |
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what is an example of a final electron acceptor different from oxygen? |
suphate reducing marine bacteria use sulphate at the end of the chain as a final electron acceptor |
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does oxidation require oxygen? |
no, oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to an electron acceptor. glycolysis oxidizes glucose with the oxidizing agent NAD+ |
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what are the two common products of fermentation and their organisms involved? |
-alcohol fermentation: yeast -lactic acid fermentation: certain fungi and bacteria |
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define metabolism |
the totality of an organisms chemical reactions |
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what is the metabolic rate of an organism? |
the sum of all the energy used in biochemical reactions over a given time interval |
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compare the metabolic rate of endotherms and ectotherms |
endotherms are measured by BMR, ectotherms by SMR. endothermy costs a tenfold of energy compared to ectothermy |
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what is the difference in body temperature between endotherms and ectotherms? |
endotherms use metabolic heat to keep a stable body temperature, ectotherms do not, they change their body temperature with the temperature of the environment |
