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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What were Lincoln's thoughts in 1861 on ending the war in regards to punishment for confederate officials?
He proposed amnesty and to those who were not eligible, he hoped they would flee the country rather than be charged with treason
When did Lincoln announce to Congress his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?
December, 1863
What was the proposal of Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation?
Pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance.
What was Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan?
That each Southern state be readmitted to the Union after 10% of its voting population pledged future loyalty to U.S.
What aspects of reconstruction did Lincoln insist were inflexible for all states?
Emancipation and loyalty
In general, what kind of reconstruction did Lincoln appear to favor?
Self-reconstruction, with little involvement from Washington.
How did Lincoln want slavery abolished?
As part of a constitutional process
What was Andrew Johnson's intent on Reconstruction?
He wanted common whites to assume power in the South
How did Johnson's plans for reconstruction differ from Lincoln's?
He pardoned thousands of high-ranking Confederate officers and was critical of the Freedman's Bureau
What was Johnson's view on state government vs. federal government?
He favored a stronger state government, believing in the laissez-faire doctrine
What was President Johnson's "swing around the circle"?
A disastrous speaking campaign (August 27 - September 15, 1866) in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates, but instead alientated moderate and Radical Republicans.
What did Johnson's supporter's say about his Swing Around the circle?
That he had sacrificed the moral power of his position, and done great damage to the cause of Constitutional Reorganization. Also, that it cost Johnson one million northern voters.
What role did the Radical Republicans play against Johnson during Reconstruction?
What was Congress's plan for reconstruction?
They wanted an oath of loyalty from 50% of the voters in each state, not 10%.
What did the Republicans propose in the Wade-Davis bill?
Their plan for reconstruction:
- Abolition of slavery as a first step for Southern states
- 50% of 1860 voters participate in elections to reconstitute state governments
- Electors to swear loyalty that they never took up arms against the U.S.
Why did Lincoln veto the Wade-Davis bill?
Because it would undercut his reconstruction work in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee
What was the Radical Republican plan for reconstruction?
They wanted guarantees that emancipated slaves would receive decent treatment and replace the civil governments of former Confederate states with military rule
What were the Black Codes?
New state laws in the south that limited the civil rights of blacks and placed many economic restrictions on them
What did the First Reconstruction Act do?
Divided the South into 5 districts governed by the U.S. Military, until a new government was established, and required them to enfranchise former slaves to be readmitted to the Union
What did the Second Reconstruction act do?
Put the military in charge of Southern voter registration
What is the Command of Army Act?
An act issued in 1867 that forced Andrew Johnson to issue military orders through the general of the army (then Ulysses S. Grant).
What was the Command of Army Act intended to prevent?
President Johnson from undermining the reconstruction
What did the Tenure of Office Act do?
It forbade the president to remove federal office holders, including Cabinet members, without the consent of the Senate.
What did the 13th ammendment do?
Abolished slavery and prohibited involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
What did the 14th ammendment do?
Explicitly defined citizenship to extend to every man born or naturalized in the United States and extended voting rights to all male citizens
What aspects of the 14th ammendment were designed to punish the South?
Confederates were barred from holding office unless pardoned by 2/3 of Congress; Southerners could not claim losses based on emancipation of slaves
What did the 14th Ammendment reverse?
The Dred Scott decision
How did the Supreme Court Slaughterhouse cases of 1873 affect the 14th ammendment?
They ruled that the 14th ammendment only protected citizens on a Federal level, not state level
What did the 15th ammendment state?
That no male citizen could be denied the right to vote on the basis of “race, color or previous condition of servitude.”
Were most Republicans in favor of black suffrage before 1866?
No; they changed their position when they realized they needed the black vote to gain influence in the Democratic South
Who else, besides blacks, gained the right to vote as a result of the 15th Ammendment?
Poor whites, particularly in the South, where previously only landowners could vote
Who was notably not given the right to vote as a result of th 15th ammendment and who did this betray?
Women -- which led women's suffragists to feel betrayed as before the Civil War they had been closely aligned with the abolitionists
Why was Johnson impeached?
Because he removed war secretary Stanton from office without approval
What happened with Johnson's impeachment?
He was acquitted by one vote
What was the Freedman Bureau?
A U.S. federal government agency created by the Freedman's Bureau Bill of 1865, that aided distressed refugees of the American Civil War
What happened when Congress passed a bill to enlarge the scope of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
President Johnson vetoed the measure
How did the Freedman's Bureau help former slaves?
By providing schools as well as land (that had been abandoned by white Southerners)
What did Johnson order the Freedman's Bureau to do with confiscated land?
Return it to the original white owners.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 intended to do, and what happened to it?
It was designed to ensure equal rights for all blacks. President Johnson vetoed it and Congress overrode him.
What rights did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 guarantee?
The right for blacks to sue, serve onjuries, testify as witnesses against whites, and enter into legal contracts.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbid?
Racial discrimination in all public places
How did Democrats in Congress make the Civil Rights Act of 1875 virtually unenforceable?
It required that blacks had to fle claims to defend their rights, and because most blacks were poor, they couldn't afford the money or effort to do so
Who was elected president in 1869?
Ulysses S. Grant
Who ran against Grant as a Liberal Republican?
Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
What was President Grant's mistake in regards to the Reconstruction era?
Overlooking corruption within the government and among the wealthy
What scandal damaged President Grant's reputation?
An 1869 scheme by millionaires to corner the gold market by artifically inflating gold price
What crime did President Grant's personal secretary commit?
Embezzlement -- he embezzled millions of dollars from the U.S. Teasury for the Whiskey Ring
What was the Whiskey Ring?
A group of government officials who embezzled millions from the U.S. Treasury during Grant's presidency.
What was the worst scandal during U.S. Grant's presidency?
Credit Mobilier, where corrupt Union Pacific Railroad officials formed a dummy construction company, hired themselves as contractors, and racked up huge profits -- while bribing politicians to stay quiet
During Reconstruction, where in the South was it more likely that you would find black elected officials?
In the Deep South
Where was the largest concentration of black government officials located?
In South Carolina, where they formed a majority in the state house of representatives.
What was a Carpetbagger?
A derogatory name applied to Northerners who went South during Reconstruction, motivated by either profit or idealism.
What was a Scalawag?
Derisive term for native white Southerners who supported the federal reconstruction plan and who often cooperated with blacks to achieve their ends.
What impact did Carpetbaggers and Scalawags have?
They promoted modernization, education, and civil rights for former slaves
Who founded the Ku Klux Klan?
Former Confederate General Nathaniel Bedford Forest
What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan?
To stop both blacks and Northerners from carrying out their government and social reforms.
What did the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 authorize?
Military protection for blacks
In 1876, what crippled the Ku Klux Klan act?
The 1876 United States v. Cruikshank Supreme Court case, which ruled that only states had the right to prosecute Klansmen under law.
Who were the Knights of the White Camellia?
A white supremecist, anti-Republican secret society consisting of upper-class Southerners and ex-Confederate officers who opposed the Carpetbaggers.
How did the government respond to the terrorist societies that sprang up during the Reconstruction?
They created the Force Act, which allowed the president to suspend habeas corpus and suppress public disturbances by force.
When was the Liberal Republican party formed?
Just before the 1872 elections
How did Liberal Republicans differ from other Republicans?
They disliked big government and preferred a laissez-faire economic policy
What specifically ended the Reconstruction?
The Compromise of 1877 (spurred by the 1876 election)
How was Reconstruction a failure?
White slave owners and Confederate officials eventually returned to power, Southerners passed "black codes" to disenfranchise blacks and the sharecropping system hed the standard of living down for freed slaves
What did the black codes prevent blacks from doing?
Making contracts, testifying against witnesses, marrying white women, being unemployed, and "loitering"
Whose presidency began the Gilded Age?
Ulysses S. Grant's in 1869
What was Mark Twain referring to when he coined the term "gilded age"?
An era of big business, scandal, and graft
What was the Fisk-Gould Gold Scheme?
A scandal in 1869 by two financial tycoons where they attempted to corner the gold market -- and bribed officials in Grant's cabinet to succeed
What was William "Boss" Tweed known for?
Corruption during the Gilded Age, as he controlled every facet of New York City politics through bribery, extortion, and fraud
What industry thrived during Grant's presidency?
The railroads
What happened in 1873 to distract the North from issues of Reconstruction?
A depression, the first ever major collapse in U.S. History
What caused the Depression of 1873?
Overspeculation in railroads, manufacturing, and a rash of bad bank loans
What was the Resumption Act of 1875?
An act to reduce the ammount of currency circulating during the Depression
Why did many previously Republican Northerners vote Democrat in 1874?
Because the Republicans held to tight money policies even as unemployment soared near 15%
What were the Northern factors that ended the Reconstruction?
The depression, as well as frustration with all the ways that the conservative Supreme Court and white Southern governments thwarted attempts to enfranchise blacks
What did the Southerners refer to as "redemption" during the Reconstruction?
Convincing Southern whites to vote Democratic
By 1871, what happened to most of Republican governments of upper South states?
They returned to conservative, white Democratic rule
When did Democrats return to their majority standing in every Southern state?
1877
What was sharecropping?
When former slave owners leased land to their freed slaves in exchange for a percentage of the crop yield
By 1876, which Southern states retained Republican government?
Only South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana
What was the dispute over the 1876 presidential election?
Republicans claimed that Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden outpolled Republican Rutherford B Hayes only because blacks had been intimidated against voting
What was the Electoral Count Act in 1877 supposed to do?
Recount votes from the 1876 in a fair and balanced way
What necessitated the Compromise of 1877?
Democratic outrage at the Electroal Count committee finding that Republican candidate Hayes won by a margin of one vote
What was the Compromise of 1877?
An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and ended Congressional Reconstruction.
How did the Compromise of 1877 affect the presidency?
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
What was the negative impact of the Compromise of 1877?
Funding for black schools was cut, segregation of the races expanded, and devices such as poll taxes and literacy tests disenfranchized black voters
How did the Compromise of 1877 effectively end the Reconstruction Era?
By removing federal troups from the South
What were signs that the Reconstruction failed?
Former Confederates and slave owners regained power, the policy of the old South was re-established, black codes and voter qualifications robbed blacks of civil rights, and sharecropping kept many blacks poor