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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of industries thrived in the North?
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Railroads, factories
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As a result of the famine in Ireland, about how many Irish emmigrated to the United states?
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About 1/4 of the population
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Why didn't many Irish immigrants settle in the South?
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The slave economy left few paid jobs
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Between 1820 and 1860, what proportion of immigrants were Irish?
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One third
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Why were many Irish immigrants pro-slavery?
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Because they didn't want to compete with African-Americans for paid jobs
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What spurred the influx of German immigrants in the mid-century?
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Failed German revolution of 1848
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How did the German immigrants compare to the Irish immigrants?
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The Germans had more skilled laborers and better financial means.
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What position did the German immigrants tend to take on slavery?
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They were anti-slavery; their communities were often led by former revolutionaries
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What was the platform of the Know-Nothing Party?
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Restrict rights of Catholics and foreign-born Americans and to restrict immigration from Catholic countries
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What was the name for the religious revival that extended into the antebellum period of the United States?
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Second Great Awakening
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What religion surged in popularity in the mid-nineteenth century?
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Evangelical Christian
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What was the population balance between North and South at the time of the war?
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21 million Northerners to 9 million Southerners. 4 million of the Southerners were slaves.
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Where did most Americans live before the civil war?
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On farms and in small towns
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How did the South compare to the North in terms of product output?
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The entire product of the Southern States equaled less than 1/4 of the product of New York alone
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What was the main difference between the women of the north and the women of the south before the war?
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Independence
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What was the Southern euphemism for slavery?
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"Our peculiar institution"
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In 1831, what a highly-religious, literate slave led which revolt that resulted in the deaths of 55 men, women and children?
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Nat Turner, in what's known as the Nat Turner Rebellion
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What does "antebellum" typically refer to in the United States?
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The pre-civil war culture, where slavery was accepted/tolerated
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How much cotton did the South generate by the time of the civil war?
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3/4 of the world's cotton supply; almost 60% of American exports
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How did Eli Whitney change slavery in 1793?
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He invented the cotton gin, which made slavery profitable by mechanizing the process of separating the seeds from the cotton
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How many Americans were slaves in 1860?
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1 out of every 7 Americans (4 million people)
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How many slaves lived to age 60?
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4 out of every 100
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What progressive religious group led the early attempts at abolition?
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The Quakers
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What did pro-slavery people use as an argument for their beliefs?
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That slavery was a "positive good" and established the proper relationship between the races
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Who began the first anti-slavery newspaper in 1831?
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Lloyd Garrison began The Liberator, which declared slavery to be a sin
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What abolitionist was murdered by a mob, and when?
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Elijah Parish Lovejoy was killed in 1837, launching Northern protests
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What former slave became one of the most famous black men in the country, thanks to his eloquent speeches on the black condition and women's rights?
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Frederick Douglass
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What escaped slave became a humanitarian, abolitionist, and Union spy, helping over many other slaves escape to freedom?
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Harriet Tubman
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Which abolitionist was known for his fanaticism and violence?
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John Brown, who led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856
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What was the largest abolitionist publication?
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The Liberator
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What was the Underground Railroad?
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A network of abolitionists who helped free fugitive slaves
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What 1852 book had a profound affect on the public's view of slavery?
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Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." 500,000 copies were printed within a year of publication.
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What was Harriet Beecher Stowe's experience with slavery?
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She and her husband supported the Underground Railroad and housed several fugitive slaves in their home
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What were the Free Soilers?
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Members of a short-lived political party that opposed the expansion of slavery into the new territories
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Why did Southerners vote against admission of California into the union in 1850?
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California decided to be a free state (no slavery)
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What was Southern California's response to statehood?
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They tried three times to separate from Northern California
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What was the "Pacific Republic"?
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What Southern Californians attempted to create when they tried to secede with Oregon, after Lincoln's election
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What stopped Southern California from seceding?
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Federal calvary moving in to suppress dissent; so instead of seceding, pro-slavery Californians left to join the Confederate troops elsewhere
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What happened in Arizona territory at the start of the war?
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They separated from New Mexico territory and joined the Confederacy.
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What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
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Prohibited slavery North of parallel 36°30' north, except within Missouri (where it was allowed)
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What happened to the Missouri Compromise?
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It was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854
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What was the Mexican War?
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An armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 that followed the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.
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What was contained in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
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The peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American war that included purchase of the Mexican cessation (now the southwest United States). At the time of the Civil War, the slavery status of this territory was argued.
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What was the Wilmot Proviso?
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A proviso by David Wilmot that would ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War, or any time in the fugure.
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What happened to the Wilmot Proviso?
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It failed each time it was introduced, including when the House attempted to make it part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
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What was the Compromise of 1850?
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Agreement between the North & South that:
California be admitted as a free state Popular sovereignty determine the fate of the other Western territories. Congress would cancel some of Texas's debts and in exchange, give land to the New Mexico territory. Slave trading banned in D.C. Congress would pass a tougher Fugitive Slave Law. |
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What events surrounded the Compromise of 1850?
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California wanting to be admitted as a free state, plus the open argument of the fate of slavery in the new territories.
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What politician favored the Compromise of 1850?
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Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
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What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 require?
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Fugitive slaves must be returned to their owner; slaves could not testify on their own behalf; no trial by jury; and anyone aiding escape of a slave is guilty of a crime.
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Who was John C. Calhoun and what was his impact on the slavery issue?
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He was a Southern orator, senator, and vice president of the U.S. He was a major advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law who asserted that slavery was "positive good." Calhoun was considered an inspiration to secessionists.
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What changed the Fugitive Slave Act?
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General Benjamin Butler pointed out that the act did not apply to foreign countries (the Confederacy) and got the agreement to hold fugitives as contraband of war
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What was the Northern response to to the Fugitive Slave Law?
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Many were offended by it and refused to obey it.
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What is popular sovereignty in regards to slavery?
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That the citizens living in each territory should decide or themselves whether theirs would become a slave state or a free state.
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What was the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854?
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An act creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 & Compromise of 1850, allowing settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
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How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act impact the war?
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The fight over slavery status of the territory divided the nation politically.
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What party split and ultimately diminished during the elections between 1850-1860?
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Whig party
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What was the issue that divided the Whig party?
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The question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery to the territories
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What happened when the Whig party fell apart?
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Northern Whigs joined with the Free-Soil Party to form the new Republican party
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Who was the Republican nominee in the 1856 election?
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John C. Frémont
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Who won the 1856 election and why?
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Democrat James Buchanan, after many Southern states threatened to secede if a Republican became the next president
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Who were "Border Ruffians"?
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Thousands of pro-slavery Missourians who moved to Kansas, with their slaves, to further their cause through popular sovereignty
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What was Bleeding Kansas?
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A series of violent events between Free-Soilers and Border Ruffians in Kansas and Missouri, between 1854 and 1858
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How did John Brown contribute to Bleeding Kansas?
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With his sons, he brutally murdered 5 pro-slavery farmers in the Pottawatomie Massacre.
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What violent event in the Senate was a result of the Kansas controversy?
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South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks brutally beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner with his cane because of Sumner's anti-slavery speech a week before.
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What supreme court action regarding slavery stirred up anger among anti-slavery Northerners?
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The Dred Scott Decision of 1857
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What were the key rulings of the Dred Scott Decision?
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People of African descent and their children (whether slaves or not) were not protected by the Constitution.
Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories. Slaves could not sue because they were not citizens. Slaves could not be taken away from their 'owners' without due process. |
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What statement did the Dred Scott decision make about the Missouri Compromise?
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It declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
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Why did the Supreme Court feel the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional?
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Because it interfered with the 5th ammentment rights of slave owners.
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Who led the raid on Harpers Ferry?
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John Brown
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What was the specific intention of the Harper's Ferry attack?
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To start an armed slave revolt in Virginia.
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What was John Brown's disappointment?
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That the slaves did not rise up in protest during the Raid on Harpers Ferry
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What might have been one main reason that John Brown's plan failed?
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He did not alert the slaves of the plan
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What happened to John Brown?
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After being captured by Robert E. Lee, he was tried for treason, sentenced to death, and hung.
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What was Melville's name for John Brown?
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Meteor of the War, because he triggered Southern militias to develop the Confederate Army
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Who was John Bell?
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The Constitutional Union presidential candidate of 1860, who campaigned for compromise (keeping the Union and slavery)
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What split occurred in the Democratic party in 1860?
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Northern Democrats backed Stephen Douglas, while Southern Democrats nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge
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Who was the most popular choice for Republican presidential nominee in 1860?
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Senator William Seward -- but he was too risky because of his hard-line antislavery stance
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Who did the Republican party nominate in 1860?
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Abraham Lincoln, as a moderate
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What was the Freeport Doctorine?
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A policy that Douglas put forth in Senate debates with Lincoln, that popular soverignty in the territories was the only democratic solution to resolving the slavery problem.
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What was Lincoln's personal position on slavery?
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He was morally opposed to it, but he valued the Union more.
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What was Lincoln's original policy on fugitive slaves?
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To return them to their owners (following the Fugitive Slave Act)
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When was Lincoln elected, and how great was his victory?
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1860, where he won with only 40% of the popular vote, but 180 electoral votes (thanks to the West).
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What was notable about Lincoln's victory?
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He did not appear on the ballot at all in 10 Southern states.
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How did the South respond to Lincoln's election?
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South Carolina immediately seceded, and six other states followed shortly after.
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In his 1861 inaugural speech, how did Lincoln address the crisis caused by states seceding?
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He reaffirmed the North's friendship with the South, pressed for unity, and argued that secession was illegal under the constitution. He also indicated he'd make no move against the South unless provoked.
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