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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What killed more soldiers than bullets during the war?
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Disease, especially due to unsanitary conditions
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What kinds of rifles were used in the Civil War?
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Musket rifles - single-shot muzzle loading rifles
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What advantage did the musket rifles have over previous weapons?
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They were fast to load and more accurate
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How was the use of rifles related to the kinds of wounds soldiers took in the war?
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Minié balls often shattered bones, causing mass casualties and producing wounds that required limb amputation.
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Why was Minié ball ammunition important?
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Minié-derived weapons were the most common firearm in the Civil War, allowing riflemen to fire several aimed shots per minute, increasing the lethality of the weapons on the battlefield and effectively rendering most previous battlefield tactics obsolete.
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Who was named "lady in charge" of the hospitals at the front of the Army of James?
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Clara Barton
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What did Clara Barton do?
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Established an agency to collect and distribute medical suplies to wounded soldiers, after the First Battle of Bull Run. Later began the Red Cross.
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Who was the head of the US Army Nursing Corp?
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Dorothea Dix
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What did Dorothea Dix do for the nursing profession?
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Brought in more women
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Where was the main Confederate stockade for prisoners of war?
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Andersonville, Georgia
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At it's peak, how many POWs were housed at Andersonville and what was its capacity?
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33,000 men; capacity of 10,000
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What Union prison camp was known for prisoner abuse, and what was the death rate?
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Camp Elmira in New York, with a 25% mortality rate
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What was the prisoner exchange?
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A system of trading Union and Confederate POWs:
1 general : 60 enlisted men 1 colonel : 15 enlisted men 1 lieutenant : 4 enlisted men 1 sergeant : 2 enlisted men |
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What were the parole conditions of prisoner exchange?
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A man returned to his army could not fight until he was replaced by the terms of prisoner exchange
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How did U.S. Grant feel about prisoner exchange?
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He felt it benefited only the Confederacy (who violated the parole terms) and ended it in March of 1864
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Why was prisoner exchange ended?
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It was a Union plan to overburden the Confederacy without burdening the Union
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Who was Captain Henry Wirz?
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The only man tried, convicted, and executed for a war crime during the civil war -- he was charged with conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war in 1865 for his 1864 command of Camp Sumter.
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What Southerner wrote an honest, moving account of the war from 1861-1865?
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Mary Boykin Chesnut
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Who was the first woman to receive a U.S. Medal of Honor, and why?
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Mary Edwards Walker, MD, a volunteer field surgeon
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What was the United States Sanitary Commission?
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A 1861 official agency of the US government, created to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute to the war effort of the Union states during the Civil War (precursor to the Red Cross)
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How did the lives of women change as a result of the civil war?
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They were able to take on much more responsibility in the workplace and industry -- many had to take over farming, clerical, nursing, and teaching duties
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What notable professions, previously dominated by men, attracted much more women after the civil war?
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Teaching and nursing
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Early in the war, what decision, on the part of both sides, cut down on their available troops?
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Refusal to admit black soldiers
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When did the Union allow African-American soldiers to fight?
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September 1862
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How many African-Americans fought in the Civil War?
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186,097 (almost 200,000)
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What proportion of the Union army did the African-Americans make up?
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African American soldiers, free men and fugitive slaves, comprised 10% of the entire Union Army
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What was notable about the casualty rate of African-American Union soldiers?
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It was very high -- 20% of them died, a rate 35% higher than that of white soldiers
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How did the Confederate Army use free African-Americans and slaves in the war?
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As laborers; arming them was a hotly contested issue
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Who was Robert Shaw?
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Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first official black forces of the United States army
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What did the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry do that helped the war effort?
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Their brave assault on Fort Wagner, even though unsuccessful, spurred African-American recruitment in the Union army.
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What were Lincoln's thoughts about letting blacks serve in the Union army?
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He was for it but felt they must be shown that something was being done for them, if they were to commit to the fight.
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When was the draft started in the Union and what were the terms?
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In 1863; all men of eligible age had to join the army or make a $300 donation
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What were the New York Riots?
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A series of violent riots protesting the draft, by working class whites, which left at least 120 dead and 2000 more injured
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Why did the working class riot against the draft?
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Because it favored the rich, who could afford to pay for their conscription to be commuted.
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Who was the target of the New York Riots?
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Originally the draft office, but soon African-Americans became the scapegoat
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Who were the Copperheads?
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Peace Democrats in the North who opposed the war and wanted a peaceful settlement with Confederates
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What was the Copperhead's motto?
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“The constitution as it is and the Union as it was”
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Who was the leader of the Copperheads?
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Former Congressman Clement Vallandigham
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What group immediately denounced the Emancipation Proclamation?
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The Copperheads
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What were war profiteers?
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People that improperly profited from warfare, often by selling weapons and other goods to parties at war.
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What were some of the shortcomings of the Confederate government?
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Because they favored states rights, they designed a weak central government that served them poorly during the war
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How was Jefferson Davis as a president?
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His refusal to delegate aliented cabinet members and he did not connect well with voters, and as a result, he had difficulty controling his government.
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What lead to inflation in the South?
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Issuing more treasury notes than the economy could bear and printing more money to pay for war expenses
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What was the supply situation in the Confederate army?
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They suffered continual shortages of food, uniforms, and medicine
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What was the Impressment Act of 1863?
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Confederate legislation allowing the government to seize, food, fuel, slaves, and other commodities to support armies in the field during the war.
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What was the tax-in-kind law?
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It allowed the government to impress crops from farmers at a negotiated price
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What effect did the Impressment Act and tax-in-kind law have?
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Sparked protests, led to hoarding, and resulted in unscrupulous people impersonating impressment agents to seize goods.
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What caused the food shortages in the South?
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The drought of 1862, lack of labor to work the fields (thanks to the draft), disrupted transportation, and battlefields in agricultural areas.
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What were the bread riots?
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1863 riots caused by 500 starving women who began looting Richmond for food.
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Who lead the Battle of Chancellorsville?
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Robert E. Lee (Confederate), Joseph Hooker (Union)
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What battle is considered Lee's masterpiece?
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Battle of Chancellorsville
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Why was Lee's strategy of breaking up his army at Chancellorsville successful?
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He was able to execute a surpise flank attack that Hooker was not prepared for
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What high-ranking general was mortally wounded at Chancellorsville, and how?
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General Stonewall Jackson was hit by friendly fire, had his left arm amputated, and soon after died of pneumonia
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What was the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater?
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Battle of Chickamauga (Tennessee/Alabama)
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Which battle had the most casualties in the West, second most in the entire war?
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Battle of Chickamauga
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Which generals fought the Battle of Chickamauga?
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Braxton Bragg (Confederate) and William S. Rosecrans (Union)
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Who won the Battle of Chickamauga?
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Confederacy
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By winning the Battle of Chickamauga, did the Confederacy achieve their goal?
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No, because they did not regain Confederate control of Tennessee
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What was the Chattanooga Campaign?
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A Union offensive series of battles designd to take control of Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Why was Chattanooga an important Union target?
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It was a railroad hub and manufacturing center (iron, coke)
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Who were the top-ranking generals involved in the Chattanooga Campagain?
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General Grant and General Bragg
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What did the Union use Chattanooga for after capturing the city?
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As a supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 Atlanta Campaign & the Army of the Cumberland
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Who fought the Battle of Stones River/Battle of Murfreesboro?
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William S. Rosecrans (Union) and Braxton Bragg (Confederate)
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What did the Union achieve in their victory at Stones River?
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It clinched Union control of Middle Tennessee
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What battle had the highest percentage of casualties on both sides?
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Battle of Stones River
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What pivotol battle did Ulysses S. Grant and John C Pemberton fight in the West?
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The Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1863
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Who won the Battle of Vicksburg and what was significant about the victory?
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Union won, giving them control of the Mississippi and dividing the South in two
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Which battle had the most casualties?
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Gettysburg
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Who were the key commanders at the Battle of Gettysburg?
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Confederate: Robert E Lee; Union: George G. Meade
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How many total casualties resulted from the Battle of Gettysburg?
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Between 46,000 and 51,000
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What was Lincoln frustrated about regarding the Battle of Gettysburg?
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That Mead was not aggressive enough to completely destroy Lee's army afterward
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What was the importance of the 20th Maine regiment at Gettysburg?
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They protected the Union's left flank at Little Round Top at Gettysburg, incuding a bayonet charge once they had run out of ammunition
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Why was Pickett hesitant about being asked to make his charge at Gettysburg?
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It required 9 brigades to pass across open ground for over 1000 yards
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Who was Jennie Wade?
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The only Gettysburg civilian killed in the Battle of Gettysburg
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For the South what hope was made a near impossibility after Gettysburg and Vicksburg?
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Support from foreign governments
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What was the ostensible purpose of the Gettysburg address?
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To commemorate the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg (several months before)
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What did Lincoln argue in his Gettysburg address?
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That Civil War was a test not just for the Union but for the entire world, to determine whether a nation conceived in democracy could long endure
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