Chemical Basis Of Life

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bio-

Back 1

life

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glyc-

Back 2

sweet

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lip-

Back 3

fat

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poly-

Back 4

many

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syn-

Back 5

together

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-valent

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having power

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di-

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two

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iso-

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equal

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mono-

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one

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sacchar

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sugar

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-lyt

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dissolvable

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matter

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anything that has mass and takes up space

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solid state

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matter that has definite shape and volume

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liquid state

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matter that has definite volume, but changeable shape

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gas state

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matter that has changeable volume and shape

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energy

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the capacity to do work

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element

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substance with unique properties that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by simple chemical means

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atom

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the smallest unit that retains an element's properties

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proton

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subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom that contains a + charge and weighs 1 amu

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neutron

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subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom that contains a 0 charge and weighs 1 amu

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electron

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subatomic particle located in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom that contains a - charge and has negligible weight

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ion

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particle/atom that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost electrons

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molecule

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particle formed by chemical union of 2 or more atoms

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molecular formula

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shorthand way of writing what atoms are in a molecule

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periodic table

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a table listing of all types of elements, their # of protons, and their atomic mass

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isotope

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atom that has the same number of protons, but different atomic weights because of a different number of neutrons

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trace elements

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elements the body needs but in smaller amounts

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valence shell

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the outermost shell of an element that tends to predict the behavior and reactivity of said element

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inert

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contains a complete valence shell and therefore is not reactive

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bonding

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interaction of electrons of different atoms

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ionic bond

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a bond in which an electron is transferred/donated from 1 atom to another atom

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covalent bond

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a bond in which 2 or more atoms share some number of electrons

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anions

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ions that have gained 1 or more electrons and therefore carry a - charge

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cations

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ions that have lost or donated 1 or more electrons and therefore carry a + charge

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non-polar

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covalent bond that is electrically neutral because the atoms share the electrons equally

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polar

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electrically charged molecules resulting from a bond in which the atoms do not share the electrons equally

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hydrogen bond

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weak bond/intermolecular force that forms when hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of a polar molecule

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synthesis reaction

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chemical reaction in which atoms or molecules combine and energy is absorbed in the bond

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decomposition reaction

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chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller atoms or molecules and chemical energy from the bonds is released

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exchange reaction

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chemical reaction that involves both synthesis and decomposition of different molecules

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biochemistry

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the study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter

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organic compounds

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molecules that contain carbon, are covalently bonded, and are typically large in size

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inorganic compounds

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all other chemicals in the body that are not organic.

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heat of vaporization

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the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas

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acids

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substances that release H+ ions and are therefore known as proton donors

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bases

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substances that release OH- ions in water and are therfore known as proton acceptors

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pH

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measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

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buffer

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a compound that can absorb both H+ and OH- ions and therby minimize a change in pH

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salts

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ionic compound between a metal and nonmetal

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monosaccharides

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simple sugars with only 1 carbon ring

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disaccharides

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2 simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

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polysaccharides

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long branching chains of linked simple sugars

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starch

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energy storage molecule formed by plants and used by plants and animals

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glycogen

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energy storage molecule formed and used by animals

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denature

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changing the shape of a protein that can make a protein non-functional

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enzymes

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globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

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catalyst

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a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without changing itself, so they are reusable

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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molecule that stores chemical energy in a form usable by a cell

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chemistry

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study that considers the composition of substances and how they change

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bulk elements

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basic chemical required in abundance in the body

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ultratrace elements

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basic chemical substance needed in very small quantities

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atomic number

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number of protons in an atom of an element

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atomic weight

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number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom of an element

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structural formula

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representation of the way atoms bond in a molecule

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reversible reaction

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chemical reaction in which the products can react yielding the original reactants

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electrolyte

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substance that ionizes in a water solution

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pH scale

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shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution

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alkalosis

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increase in the pH of body fluids above 7.45

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acidosis

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decrease in the pH of body fluids below 7.35

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electrolyte balance

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condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it

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carbohydrates

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organic compound consisting or carbon, hydroge, and oxygen that supplies most energy for the body

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lipids

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group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids

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saturated fats

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fat molecules that contain only fatty acid molecules with as many hydrogen atoms as possible and therefore no double-bonded carbon atoms

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unsaturated fats

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fat molecule that includes one or more unsaturated fatty acids

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proteins

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nitrogen containing organic compound composed of bonded amino acid molecules

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amino acids

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organic compounds that include an amino group and a carboxyl group; the structural unit of a protein

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conformations

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three dimensional structure of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence and attractions and repulsions between amino acids in different parts of the molecule

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nucleic acids

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a molecule that is composed of bonded nucleotides. necessary for protein synthesis

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nucleotides

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building block of a nucleic acid molecule; consist of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

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RNA

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single stranded polymer of nucleotides in which each nucleotide contains the sugar ribose

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DNA

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known as the genetic material; nucleic acid