Chapter 9

Front 1

How do catabolic pathways yield energy?

Back 1

by oxidizing organic fuels

Front 2

How does glycolysis harvest chemical energy?

Back 2

by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

Front 3

After pyruvate is oxidized, the __________ completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

Back 3

citric acid cycle

Front 4

During oxidative phosphorylation, _________ couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

Back 4

chemiosmosis

Front 5

___________ and ____________ enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

Back 5

Fermentation & anaerobic respiration

Front 6

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other _____________

Back 6

metabolic pathways

Front 7

Is the breakdown of organic molecules exergonic or endergonic?

Back 7

exergonic

Front 8

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

Back 8

Fermentation

Front 9

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

Back 9

Aerobic respiration

Front 10

similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2

Back 10

Anaerobic respiration

Front 11

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

Back 11

Cellular respiration

Front 12

formula for glucose

Back 12

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

Front 13

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions

Back 13

redox reactions

Front 14

In __________, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Back 14

oxidation

Front 15

In _______, a substance gains electrons (the amount of positive charge is lessened)

Back 15

reduction

Front 16

The electron donor

Back 16

reducing agent

Front 17

The electron receptor

Back 17

oxidizing agent

Front 18

In ________________, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps

Back 18

cellular respiration

Front 19

Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to _________, a coenzyme

Back 19

NAD+

Front 20

As an electron acceptor, _______ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

Back 20

NAD+

Front 21

Each _______ (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

Back 21

NADH

Front 22

NADH passes the electrons to the __________________

Back 22

electron transport chain

Front 23

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

Back 23

- Glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 24

The process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Back 24

Glycolysis

Front 25

The process that completes the breakdown of glucose

Back 25

citric acid cycle

Front 26

The process that accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

Back 26

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 27

Why does oxidative phosphorylation generate most of the ATP?

Back 27

because it is powered by redox reactions

Front 28

Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost _____% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

Back 28

90

Front 29

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by __________________

Back 29

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 30

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell makes up to ____ molecules of ATP

Back 30

32

Front 31

(“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Back 31

Glycolysis

Front 32

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 32

cytoplasm

Front 33

What are the 2 steps of glycolysis?

Back 33

Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase

Front 34

Glycolysis occurs whether or not ____ is present

Back 34

O2

Front 35

In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the ___________ (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed

Back 35

mitochondrion

Front 36

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to ___________, which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

Back 36

acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)