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215 Cards in this Set

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What 2 systems deal with fluids in the body?

cardiovascular system
lymphatic system

The right side of heart pumps ____________ blood into the lungs.

deoxygenated

The right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood into lungs via the _______?

pulmonary arteries

The pulmonary veins carry ___________ blood.

oxygenated

Oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to heart by the ________.

pulmonary vein

In the heart, the left ventricle leads to the ______?

aorta

The left ventricle to the aorta to the

arteries

The left ventricle to the aorta to the arteries to the _____.

arterioles

The left ventricle to the aorta to the arteries to the arterioles to the _____.

capillaries

The blood returning from the body returns via the _____.?

inferior vena cava
jugular vein- superior vena cava

Oxgenated blood is supplied to heart by the _____?

coronary artery

The __________ return deoxygenated blood to the right side of heart.

coronary veins and coronary sinus

The first blood vessel branching off the aorta is the?

coronary arteries

What are the 3 portal systems?

-liver hepatic portal circulatory
-kidneys
-brain- hypophyseal portal circulatory

The liver portal system is called the _____.?

hepatic portal circulatory

The portal system in brain is called the _____.?

hypophyseal portal circulatory

The myocardial ishchemia when _____.

when heart does not get enough oxygen and nutrition

When the heart does not get enough oxygen and nutrition it is called?

myocardial ischemia

The most common symptom of myocardial ischemia is?

angina

Angina is?

chest pain

Myocardial infaction is when?

irreversible damage to the heart

The most common cause of decreased coronary heart flow is?

atherosclerosis

Plaque on artery is mostly?

fibrofatty plaque made of mostly cholesterol

The heart consists of ________ pumps

2

The heart's upper chambers are?

atria

The heart's lower chambers are?

ventricles

___________ are thin walled;


ventricles are ________.

-atria


-muscular

The ___________ valves are located between atria and ventricle.

atrioventricular

The valve between the atria and ventricle on the right side is called what?

tricuspid valve

The tricuspid valve is located wehere?

between the right atria and right ventricle

The tricuspid valve has how many cusp?

3

The valve on left side of heart is called?

mitral valve

The mitral valve has ________ cusps?

2

What are the 2 valves in the heart?

tricuspid and mitral valve

The semilunar valves are located?

1. left ventricle and aorta
2. right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Heart beat: lub dub. The first sound is called what?

S1

Heart beat: lub dub. The lub is when?

av valves close to prev backflow into atria

Heart beat: lub dub. The dub is when?

2 semilunar valves close at concl of systole

s2 is the ____________ sound.

dub

The heartbeat is made up of?

systole,
diastole

Systole is when?

ventr contract

Diastole is when?

cardiac muscle relaxes

Cardiac output is what?

total volume of blood left ventricle pumps out per minute


True or False:


Cardiac output equals heart rate Times stroke volume.

True

hr X str vol=?

cardiac output

Stroke volume is?

vol of blood pumped out of the left ventrical per contraction.

The vol of bl pumped out of the left ventr per contraction is?

stroke volume

The SA node is located?

in wall of the right atrium

SA node--- atria---- av node---- bundle of his (av bundle)---- ?

purkinje fibers

sa node--- atria--- ? --- bundle of his --- ??

atria-- av node ---- bundle of his (av bundle) --- purkinje fibers

The av node conducts quickly or slowly?

slowly

ekg:
p wave occurs immediately before?

the atria contract

ekg:
qrs compl occurs just before?

the ventr contract

ekg
T wave represents?

ventric repolarization

The _________________ system modifies the rate of heart contraction.

auton nervous system: ANS

The parasympath innervates the heart via?

The vagus nerve

The parasympathetic nervous system via vagus nerve causes what?

decreased heart rate

The sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart via?

cervical and upper thoracic ganglia

The cervical and upper thoracic ganglia are part of the what?

sympathetic system

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart and causes?

an increase in heart rate

The nerve impulses traveling through vagus nerve will __________ heart rate.

decrease

The nerve impulses travel through cervical and upper thoracic ganglia will ___________ heart rate.

increase

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine which ____________ heart rate.

increases

The adrenal medulla secretes _____________ which increases heart rate.

epinephrine

The 3 types of blood vessels are?

-arteries
-veins
-capillaries

The _____________ are thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels

arteries

True or False:
All veins carry deoxygenated blood.

False. Most do, except pulmonary veins

Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

pulmonary arteries

Blood flow in veins is driven by what?

their compression by skeletal muscles

The larger veins have ________ to prevent backflow.

valves

The pulmonary thromboemboli are ____.

blood clots

What things can cause blood clots?

-injury
-extreme inaction
-hypercoagulable state

Rbcs have to travel through capillaries in _____?

single file

Blood pressure is the F/A the blood exerts on what?

blood vessels

A sphygmomanometer measures what?

blood press

You measure blood press with?

sphygmomanometer

bl press is ?/?

syst/diastol

The human body has _________ litres of blood.

4-6

Blood is _______ liquid and _________ cellular component.

55% liq
45% cell compon

Plasma is?

Liquid portion of the blood

Plasma has what in it?

nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins

Name 3 bl proteins?

-immunoglobulins
-albumin
-fibrinogen

The cell components of blood are?

-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets

each erythr has ________ molec of hemoglobin

250 million

what is the shape of erythrocytes
biconcave, disk like shape
the biconcave shape of erythro give them?
incre surf area
erythr form in ?
stem c in bone marrow
in bone marrow erythr lose their?
nuclei, mitochond, membran organelles
eryth lack?
nuclei, mitoch, membran organ
eryth are aerobic or anaerob
anaerob
which organs phagocy eryth?
spleen and liver
_____________ eryth per mm3 of bl
five million
leuk arise from stem c in ?
marrow of long bones
5000-10000 _______________ per mm3 of bl
leukocytes
3 types of leuk are?
granular leukocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
granular leukocytes are?
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
which leuk play an import role in inflamm, allerg react, pus form and destr of bact?
neutroph
basoph
eosinoph
immune response is mediat by what c?
lymphocytes
where are lymphocytes made?
lymph nodes
tonsils, spleen, appendix, thymus, bone marrow
who makes antibodies?
lymphocytes
2 types of lymph are?
b lymph
t lymph
monocytes bec __________ when they enter the tiss
macroph
what do monocytes do?
phagocy foreign matter and organ
macroph have greater phagocy ability than?
monocytes
platelets form in the?
bone marrow
platelets do not have?
nuclei
there are _____________ platelets per mm3 of bl
250,000-500,000
what are the four bl groups?
A
B
AB
O
what are the 2 major gr of rbc antigens?
ABO gr
Rh factor
A bl type makes what antibodies?
anti-B
AB is the ?
universal recipient
O is the ?
universal donor
O makes antibodies to?
anti A and anti B
Rh- woman has to be careful during her sec preg if during her first preg?
she had an Rh+
erythroblastosis fetalis is devel by a woman who is?
rh-
but had a rh+ baby
What do you give the Rh- mother to help suppress the devel of act immun
RhoGAM
Rh factor is a?
antigen on surf of rbc
rh- mom
she will endanger her?
second rh- baby, not her first
severe anemia in a fetus due to rh+/rh- issues is called?
erythroblastosis fetalis
why doesnt ABO blood type mismatches cause probl with preg women?
bec anti ABO blood type antib cant cross the placenta
hemoglob has _________ chains
4 polypeptides
each hemoglob polypeptide chain has a
heme group
each hemogl molec can bind __________ oxy
4
hemoglob has ____________ effects
allosteric
the allosteric effect of hemogl causes the dissociation curve to have what shape?
S-shaped
Hemoglobin has a ______________ dissoiation curve
s-shaped
oxyg dissoc curve is _________ static
not
oxy dissoc curve can shift to?
the left or right
in tiss, the oxyg dissoc curve __________ shifts
right,
oxyg dissoc curve
a right shift means?
for a given part press of Oxy, less Oxy will be bound to hemoglob
what things cause a right shift in oxy dissoc curve?
incre in partial press of CO2
decre in pH
incre in temp
in the lungs, the oxy dissoc curve shifts?
to the left
why does the oxy dissoc curve shift to the left in teh lungs?
to max Oxy loading
fetal hemoglob oxy dissoc curve is shifted to the ?
left
in erythroc
CO2 comb with?
H2O
in erythr
CO2 + H2O --->
carbonic acid
H2CO3
carbonic acid is?
H2CO3
H2CO3 dissoc into?
HCO3 and H+
HCO3 is
bicarbonate ion
bohr effect is due to?
CO2, H+, O2
bohr eff
increas concentr of H+ do what?
decre hemogl O2 affinity
increas pH and CO2 due what to hemoglobin?
decr its affin for O2
in the lungs _______________- reassoc to form CO2 and H2O
HCO3 and H+
format and dissoc of carbon acid are catalyzed by?
carbonic anyhdrase
carbonic hydrase does what/
catal format and dissoc of carbonic acid
most carbon dioxide is found?
dissolved in plasma as HCO3
only a small percent of CO2 is bound to?
hemoglobin as carboxyhemoglobin
aa and simple sugars are transp to liver via?
hepatic portal vein
fats go from sm intest to?
lymphatic syst thr lymph capillaries
fats enter bloodstream via?
large veins of the neck
fats-- small intest-- lymph vess--- ?
large veins of neck
hydrostatic press at arteriole end of capillaries is _________ hydrostat press of surr tissue fluids
greater than
why does fluid move back into the capillar at the venule end?
bec of osmotic press
bec bl has a higher solute concentr than tissue fluid.
exch of material in capill is influenc by?
hydrostat press and osmotic press
_____________ press pushes fluid out of vessels
hydrostatic
__________ press pulls fluid back into vessels
osmotic
osmotic press is depend on?
number of particles dissolv in plasma
hydrost press is depend on ?>
bl press driven by heart
arteriole end of capill
hydrost press is ?
oppos osmotic press is?
36 mm Hg
oppos osmot press is 25 mm Hg
platel and damag tissue secrete?
clotting factor
thromboplastin
thromblastin
cofactors?
calcium, vitamin K
trhomboplastin w cofact calc and vitamin K conv _______ to its active form
prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin conv ____________ into ___________
fibrinogen to fibrin
thread of _______ coat the damaged are and trap bl c
fibrin
to form a clot
throboplastin---??? --- thrombin--- frbrinogen--- fibrin
prothrombin
hemophiliacs lack
an agent involv in clot format
immune syst has what 2 mech?
humoral immun
c med immun
humoral immunit involves prod of?
antibod
cell med immunt involves?
cells that combat fungal and viral infect
Igs are ?
immunoglobulins
Igs do what?
attract oth c
cause antig to clump tog
causing the antigens to clump tog is?
agglutination
Igs is composed of?
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
Igs the chains are held tog by?
disulfide linkages and noncova bonds
Igs
antigen binding sites are the ________ regions
variable
Igs
have a variable and ____________ region
constant
five type of const regions?
GMADE
G MADE are
the five type of const regions
lymphocytes
B c form in ?
the bone marrow, different in the spleen, lymph nodes, and oth lyph org
where do B c different?
spleen, lymph nodes, oth lymph organs
B C when expos to antigen bec?
memory c, plasma c (effect c)
in primary resp of B c?
bec memory c
bec plasma c
plasma c are also called?
effector c
second expos to antigen will cause a ___________ response
secondary
active immun is prod of?
Igs dur immune resp
vacination confers?
active immun
passive immunity involves?
transf of Igs made by other organ
passive immun is __________ lasting
active immun is ________ lasting
passive-short
active- long
cell mediat immun are what c?
t cells
T c mature in bone marrow and mature in?
thymus
T c act against?
c that have fungus or virus
T c differ into?
cytotoxic t c
helper t c
suppressor t c
memory c
cytotoxic t c do what?
destroy antigens direct
helper T c activate?
other B and T c by secreting lymphokines
helper T c secrete?
lymphokines
lympholines are also called?
interleukins
___________ T c decre the activ of other B and T against antigens
suppressor T c
autoimmune response
body mistakes its own c as antigens
lack of b c will lead to recurrent?
bact infect
DiGeorge's syndrome affects?
T c disorder resulting in underdev or absence of thymus gland
DiGeorge's syndrome
a person will have normal?
Igs.
DiGeorge's syndrome
children will have proble with ___________ infectinos
viral and fungal
non spec defenses against disease?
skin- has sweat w enzymes
ciliated musc epithel
macrophages
inflammat resp
inflamm resp
injured c release?
histamine
histamine does what?
causes bl vess to dilate, incre bl flow to damaged region
attracts granulocytes to injury
c under viral attack make?
interferon
interferon is made by cells when they?
are under viral attack
lymphatic syst is a _________ circul syst
secondary
lymph is also called?
interstitial fluid
lymph vessels transport?
lymph
lacteals are also called?
lymph capillaries
lymph capill collect fats by absorbing?
chylomicrons in sm intest
lymph vessels have ___________ to prev backflow
valves
lymph flow is caused by?
mov of skel muscles
contract of lymphat vessels
lymph nodes are?
swellings along lymph vessels
that have phagocytic c (leukocytes)
filter lymph