Chapter 8: Motivation And Emotion

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Motive

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A tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes

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Instinct

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Innate impulse from within a person that directs or motivates behavior

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Drive Reduction Theory

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A theory of motivation that proposes that people seek to reduce internal levels of drive

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Drive

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An uncomfortable internal state that motivates us to reduce this discomfort through our behavior

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Primary Drive

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A drive that motivates us to maintain homeostasis in certain biological processes within the body

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Homeostasis

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An internal state of equilibrium in the body

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Negative Feedback Loop

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A system of feedback in the body that monitors and adjusts out motivation level so as to maintain homeostasis

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Secondary Drive

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A learned drive that is not directly related to biological needs

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Self-Determination Theory

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A theory of motivation that proposes that as we pursue the fulfillment of basic needs, we experience different types of motivation tat come from both the self and the outside world

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Incentive

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A goal or desire that we are motivated to fulfill

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Intrinsic Motivation

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Motivation that comes from within the person

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Extrinsic Motivation

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Motivation that comes from outside of the person

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Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow's theory that humans are motivated by different needs, some of which take precedence over others

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Set Point

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A particular weight that out body seeks to maintain

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Ghrelin

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A hunger-stimulating hormone produced by the stomach

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Glucose

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The form of sugar that the body burns as fuel

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Glycogen

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A starchy molecule that is produced from excess glucose in the body; it can be thought of as the body's stored energy reserves

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Insulin

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A hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the movement of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body

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Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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A hormone released by the small intestines that plays a role in hunger regulation

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Leptin

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A hormone released by fat cells into the body that plays a role in hunger regulation

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Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

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A region of the hypothalamus once thought to be the hunger center in the brain

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Neuropeptide Y

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The most powerful hunger stimulant known

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Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

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A region of the hypothalamus that plays an indirect role in creating a feeling of satiety

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Basal Metabolic Rate

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The rate at which we burn energy in our bodies when resting

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Obese

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Having a body mass index of 30 or over

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Bulimia Nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a person alternately binges on large quantities of food and then engages in some inappropriate compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain

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Anorexia Nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight, even though he or she is actually underweight; this irrational fear motivates the person to lose unhealthy amounts of weight through self-starvation

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Binge Eating Disorder

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An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as in bulimia nervosa, but without regular use compensatory measures to avoid weight gain

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Sexual Desire

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One's motivation and interest in engaging in sexual activity

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Sexual Arousal

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A heightened state of sexual interest and excitement

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Libido

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One's physical desire, or drive, to have sex

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Estrogens

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A class of female hormones that regulates many aspects of sexuality

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Ovaries

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The organs in a female's body that produce eggs, or ova

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Testosterone

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A male hormone that plays a role in many aspects of sexuality, including sexual desire

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Testes

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The organs in a male's body that produce both sperm and testosterone

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Erogenous Zones

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Areas of the skin that are sensitive to touch

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Excitement Phase

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The first stage of the sexual response cycle, in which males get erections and females produce vaginal lubrication

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Plateau Phase

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The second stage of the sexual response cycle, in which excitement peaks

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Orgasm Phase

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The third stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the pelvic and anal muscles contract

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Resolution Phase

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The final stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the body returns to homeostasis