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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about ATP?
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Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste
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What happens during photosynthesis?
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Autotrophs produce carbohydrates
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Plants gather the sun's energy using molecules called
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pigments
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Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
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in the thylakoid membrane
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What is an electron carrier molecule?
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NADP+
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Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into....
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*oxygen and high-energy sugars
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reaction?
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ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars
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The Calvin Cycle takes place in the
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stroma
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If you continue to increase of light that a plant receives, what happens?
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the rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off
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Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as_____
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granum
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During the Calvin Cycle, molecules of_______supply the carbon component of carbohydrates
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CO2
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In many plants, the rate of potosynthesis_______when the weather becomes very cold.
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decreases
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How do organisms get the energy they needed?
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by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
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Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
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fermentation
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Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires....
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oxygen
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Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to...
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mitochondria
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The products of Photosynthesis are the ...
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reactants of cellular respiration
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Glycolysis provides a cell a cell with a net gain of...
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2 ATP
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Glycolysis requires...
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NADP+
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The Krebs Cycle starts with ...
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pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide
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Which of the following passes high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
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NADH and FADH2
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Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately...
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36 ATP molecules
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Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in...
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muscle cells
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During fermentation...
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NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue
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Breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of ...
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repaying an oxygen debt
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The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly by
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lactic acid fermentation
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Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some baceteria. In contrast, ___________ occurs in all eukaryotic cells
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Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis rearranges a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of ...
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pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis alone nets only_____molecules of ATP from each glucose molecule.
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2
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The body reds rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires...
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oxygen
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An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction...
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provides genetic diversity
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Which is one advantage of having a cell's DNA bundled into separate chromosomes?
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During cell division, each daughter cell will get the same number of genes
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Which event occurs during interphase
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Centrioles duplicate
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During cell division, a parent cell that has 4 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing...
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4 chromosomes
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One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have...
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a cell plate
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When cells are grown in a laboratory, which factor can stop normal cells from dividing?
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contact with other cells
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Cells grown in a Petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells divide until they fill the empty space. What does this experiment show?
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The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off
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During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later in development, the cells become specialized through a process called...
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differentiation
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When during the cell is a cell's DNA replicated?
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S Phase
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In eukaryotes the ______breaks down during prophase and re-forms during telophase.
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Nuclear envelope
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A cell with 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have___chromatids in the G2 phase.
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10
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During normal development, the cells between toes and fingers die by________, a process of programmed cell death.
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apoptosis
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If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce....
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green peas if it does not also have a dominant allele for yellow peas
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If a pea plant's alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents?
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Both parents contributed a recessive allele
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How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?
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2
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A male and female bison are both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation(Aa) produce an albino offspring(aa). Which of Mendel's principles applies?
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Independent assortment only
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When one allele is not completely dominant over another, this is an example of...
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incomplete dominance
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A cross of a black chicken(BB) with a white chicken(WW) produces all speckled offspring(BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as...
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codominance
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Variation in human skin color is an example of...
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polygenic traits
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Which of the following shows that the environment can affect genetic traits?
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Hydrangea Flower color varies with soil pH
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Gametes have..
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twice the number of chromosomes found in body cells
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Chromosomes form tetrads during
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prophase 1 of meiosis
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Which of the following assort independently?
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chromosomes
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The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the ...
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less likely they are to be inherited together
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What is formed at the end of meiosis?
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four genetically different cells
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Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of______
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gametes
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The reddish-brown pigment that gives color to a fruit-fly's eye is controlled by three genes, so a fruit fly's eye color is a_______
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polygenic trait
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Because of base paring in DNA, the percentage of ....
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thymine molecules in DNA is about the equal to the percentage of adenine molecules.
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What structural problem prevents adenine from pairing with guanine
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the bases are both long
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Which scientist made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA?
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Rosalind Franklin
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DNA replication results in two DNA molecules....
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each with one new strand and the other with two original strands.
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Which of the following include all the others?
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DNA molecules
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In eukaryotes, DNA...
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is located in the nucleus.
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_____are weak bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together, but also allow the DNA to separate and replicate.
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hydrogen bonds
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Chromatin contains proteins called______
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histone proteins
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The tips of chromosomes are known as ...
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telomeres
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Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?
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phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine
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What is produced during transcription?
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RNA molecule
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During eukaryotic transcription, the molecule that is formed is ...
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complementary to part of one strand of DNA
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There are 64-codons and 20 amino acids. Which of the following is true?
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Several different codons can specify the same amino acid
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During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the ...
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codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA.
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In eukaryotes...
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Transcription takes place int he nucleus, and translation takes place in the cytoplasm
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Which of the following is the name of a type of chromosomal mutation AND a type of gene mutation?
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deletion
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What are some characteristics of polyploidy plants?
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they tend to be bigger and stronger than diploid plants.
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Insertions and deletions that change the entire genetic message that comes after the mutation are called_____
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Frameshift
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The element bromine can cause a genetic change, so bromine is called a ...
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mutagen
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Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to..
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surviving in the environments in which they lived
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Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT..
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population size is very large
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Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
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they are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment
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Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates...
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share a common ancestor with sea stars
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Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes...
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the nearly universal genetic code
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Which characteristic of Galapagos finches helped the Grants show the result of natural selection?
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the size and shape of their beaks
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According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the....
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possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness
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Biogeography is the study of...
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where species and their ancestors live
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Similar patters of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of...
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analogous structures
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The wings of birds and the flippers of dolphins are _______structures
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homologous
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_____use the energy in sunlight to make their own food.
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autotrophs
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_____get food by consuming(eating)other organisms
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heterotrophs
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_____is the process that uses light energy to produce food molecules
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photosynthesis
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
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Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate Sugar
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What two ways in which cells use the energy temporarily stored in ATP?
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1) ATP is to carry out active transport
2) Movement 3) contract muscles |
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Energy is needed to add a third phosphate group to
ADP to make ATP. What is a cell's source of this energy? |
Glucose(carbs,sugars,etc)
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Light absorbing molecules called______capture the sun's energy
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pigments
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Saclike photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll and other pigments and are arranged in stacks called grana
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thylakoids
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The fluid portion of the thylakoids
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stroma
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Requires light, light absorbing pigments, and water to form NADPH, ATP, and oxygen
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light-dependent reactions
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Doesnt use light energy. They use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, NADPH, and ATP to make energy-rich carbon compounds.
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light independent reactions
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The ______of light determines its color
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wavelength
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Chemicals that absorb light are called...
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Pigments
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Chlorophyll makes plants look green because it _____green light
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reflects
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Chloroplasts contain an abundance of saclike photosynthetic membranes called _____
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thylakoids
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Where do the high-energy electrons carried by NADPH come from?
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chlorophyll molecules
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what are the reactants of the photosynthesis reaction?
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carbon dioxide and water
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Photosynthesis Reaction
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6CO2+CH2O--->C6H12O6+6O2
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What are the products of the light dependent reactions?
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oxygen and ATP
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Where do the light independent reactions occur?
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stroma
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What are the three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs?
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Temperature- 0-35 degrees C.
Light Intensity- high intensity increases rate of photosynthesis Availability of water- water loss can damage plant and too much water can kill the plant |
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First set of reactions in cellular respiration...
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glycolysis
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Cellular Respiration Reaction
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6O2+C6H12O6----->6CO2+6H2O+Energy
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Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called _______, which takes place in the ________ of the cell.
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Glycolysis;cytoplasm
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At the end of glycolysis, about ____percent of the chemical energy is locked in the bods of the______molecule.
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90; pyruvic acid
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Cellular respiration continues in the________ of the cell with the _____ and electron transport chain.
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mitochondria; krebs cycle
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Uses the high energy electrons from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP
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electron transport chain
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What are the two reasons why cells must divide?
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Information overload-too many demands placed on the cell
exchange of materials- process slows down as cell gets bigger |
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What happens to a cell's surface area to volume ratio as the cell increases in size?
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it gets smallerr
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What are the two types of reproduction ?
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Asexual- produces individuals with the same DNA
Sexual- not identical , contains traits from each parent |
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Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?
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Prokaryotic- circular(two ends of the chromosome are put together)
Eukaryotic- two strands of DNA wrapped around in histoproteins, wraps in coils then into supercoils |
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Name for process of cell division in prokaryotic cells
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binary fission
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Name for process of cell division in eukaryotic cells
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mitosis
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Prokaryotes are also known as
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bacteria
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What are the three phases that make up interphase>?
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G1, S, G2
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What is the cell doing during the G1, S and G2 phase?
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Cell growth, DNA replication and cell preparing for division
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What is the phase in between cell divisions called?
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Interphase
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What are the two stages of cell division called?
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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What happens at the end of mitosis?
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cytokinesis( the cell divides)
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What is a chromatid?
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each strand in a duplicated chromatid
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What is a centromere?
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area where chromatids are attached
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What are centrioles?
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Attatched to spindle fibers
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What is a spindle?
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during cell division, they split the duplicated chromosomes
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What are the four phases of mitosis?
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PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
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How is the cell cycle regulated?
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theres regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell
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What are cyclins?
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regulates the timing of the cell cycle
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What is apoptosis>?
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self destruction of the cell
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What are the two types of tumors?
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Benign and Malignant
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What are the three treatments for cancer?
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Chemo, Radiation, Surgery
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What does radiation do?
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doesnt allow cancer cells to copy their dna
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what does chemotherapy do?
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kills cancerous cells
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What are somatic cells? Give an example
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Somatic cells are body cells. Any cell in the body except sperm and egg cells
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What type of cell undergoes meiosis?
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Germ cells(Gametes)
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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pairs of chromosomes that corresponds in body cells
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During meiosis, the chromosome number ...
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is reduced by 1/2
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What are the stages of meiosis called?
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Meiosis 1;prophase1;metaphase1;anaphase1;telophase1;
cytokinesis |
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What is a tetrad?
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process in which duplicated chromosomes pair with its corresponding homologous chromosomes
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Base Pairing rules
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A=T, G=C
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DNA replication results:
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original strand and new strand
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Three functions of DNA
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stores, copies, transmits
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What enzyme helps replicate telomeres?
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telomerase
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Know the three differences between DNA and RNA:
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DNA- double stranded; deoxyribose; thymine
RNA- single stranded; ribose; uracil |
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What is true about codons and amino acids they code for?
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1 codon= 3 bases
every 1 codon gives 1 amino acid multiple codons for same amino acid |
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What is a promoter?
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where the RNA polymerase attaches to DNA
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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
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DNA-->mRNA--->protein
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Mutations that involve one or a few nucleotides are called?
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point mutations
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Know the 4 different types of Chromosomal mutations:
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Deletion
Duplication Inversion Translocationf |
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Know the 3 different types of Gene mutations:
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Substitution
Insertion Deletion |
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Insertions and deletions that change the entire genetic message after the mutations are called?
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frameshift mutations
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Start codon in Translation:
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AUG(Methionine)
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The reason why common names are not useful to scientists:
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they can apply to more than one animal
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To be useful, a scientific name must refer to:
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a single species
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Levels or organization are called
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Taxa
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How to write a scientific name:
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-Genus, species name
-italicized, latin -first letter of genus only is capitalized |
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What does a monophyletic group include?
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includes all species that are decended from a common ancestor
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What is the grouping of organisms based on their common descent ?
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evolutionary classification
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Cladistic analysis considers what kinds of traits?
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derived characters
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What does cladistic analysis show about the organism?
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how related you are to other organisms in terms of lineages
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Know the domains and what they include
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Bacteria-Eubacteria
Archea- Archaebacteria Eukarya- Plantae;Animalia;Fungi;Protista |
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Know the seven levels of Linnaean classification in order:
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KPCOFGS
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Traditional classification tended to look at what?
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physical similarities and differences between the organisms
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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2 part naming system that assigns scientific names to species
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Phylogeny
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study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another
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Systematic
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science of naming and grouping organisms.
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