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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
Retention of information over time |
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Memory illusion |
False but subjectively compelling memory |
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Sensory memory |
Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory |
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Iconic memory |
Visual sensory memory |
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Echoic memory |
Auditory sensory memory |
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Decay |
Fading of information from memory over time |
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Interference |
Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information |
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Retroactive interference |
Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information |
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Proactive interference |
Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information |
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Magic number |
The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information |
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Chunking |
Organising information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of our short-term memory |
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Rehearsal |
Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory |
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Levels of processing |
Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it |
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Long-term memory |
Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills |
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Permastore |
Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent |
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Primacy effect |
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well |
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Recency effect |
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well |
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Serial position curve |
Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list |
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Semantic memory |
Our knowledge of facts about the world |
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Episodic memory |
Recollection of events in our lives |
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Explicit memory |
Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness |
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Implicit memory |
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
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Procedural memory |
Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits |
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Priming |
Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli |
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Encoding |
Process of getting information into our memory blanks |
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Mnemonic |
A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
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Storage |
Process of keeping information in memory |
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Schema |
Organised knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory |
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Retrieval |
Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores |
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Retrieval cue |
Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information |
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Recall |
Generating previously remembered information |
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Recognition |
Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options |
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Relearning |
Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time |
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Encoding specificity |
Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it |
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Context-dependent learning |
Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context |
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State-dependent learning |
Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding |
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Loss of memories from our past |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Inability to encode new memories from our experiences |
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Meta-memory |
Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations |
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Infantile amnesia |
Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age |
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Flashbulb memory |
Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed |
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Source monitoring confusion |
Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory |
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Cryptomnesia |
Failure to recognise that our ideas originated with someone else |
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Suggestive memory technique |
Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place |
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Misinformation effect |
Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place |
