Learning And Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8

Front 1

There exists a theory in dual store theory of a third type of memory...what is it?

Back 1

Sensory store

Front 2

What is the modal model and who proposed it

Back 2

Atkinson and Shiffrin's dual store theory

Front 3

What are the properties of the modal model?

Back 3

Stm is short and brief while LTM is more durable
STM is limited while LTM is virtually unlimited
Forgetting in STM occurs through displacement and replacement
STM serves to transfer info into LTM through encoding

Front 4

What are the two basic divisions of the long term memory?

Back 4

Semantic memory
Episodic memory

Front 5

What is episodic memory?

Back 5

Personal memory system contains temporal and contextual info of when and where

Front 6

What is semantic memory?

Back 6

Store of general knowledge
contains facts, words, language and grammar

Front 7

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Back 7

Explicit memory tasks involve reporting on recall
Implicit memory tasks involve recording rate of performance with out consciousness

Front 8

Two ways in which implicit knowledge is tested?

Back 8

Procedural learning
Priming

Front 9

What is procedural learning characterized by?

Back 9

Acquisition of generalized rules for performing tasks or procedure

Front 10

What are the different combination of skills required for procedural learning?

Back 10

Cognitive skills
Motor Skills
Perceptual Skills

Front 11

Tulving's theory of monohierarchy?

Back 11

Procedural memory is divided into
Semantic memory which divides into
Episodic memory

Front 12

What is the perceptual representation system tulving describes in his monohierarchy theory

Back 12

Priming effect on memory is a system which overlaps onto procedural and semantic memory

Front 13

What is Squires method of memory?

Back 13

Division of memory into two parts
Declarative and Non Declarative

Episodic and Semantic fit into the first
Procedural Priming Habits and Classical condition fit into the second

Front 14

What are three stages of memory?

Back 14

Encoding
Storage
Retreival

Front 15

What is state dependent retrieval?

Back 15

Memories encoded in one state of consciousness are more accessible in the same state

Front 16

What part of the brain does N.A. have impaired?

Back 16

the thalamus

Front 17

What is Depth of processing theory

Back 17

One memory system is hypothesized to exist

Degree of cognitive processing determines whether something is remembered

Front 18

What type of processing leads to better retention in incidental learning?

Back 18

Deeper cognitive processing

Front 19

Testing with two cognitive tasks where one required more attention than the other is a form of testing for what?

Back 19

Level of Depth processing

Front 20

Two criticisms on Depth of Processing theory?

Back 20

No independent measures exist

Term "depth" is unclear. Elaboration or distinctiveness?

Front 21

What is transfer appropriate processing theory?

Back 21

Recall of cognitive process use during encoding will aid in retrieval process

Front 22

How are explicit and implicit memory tested for in transfer appropriate theory?

Back 22

Explicit is done through elaborative processing

Implicit is done through perceptual operations (recognition of items)

Front 23

Five assumptions made by the connectionist model?

Back 23

1. A neural network model, each neural unit can potentially connect to many others
2. Successive pairings of neurons strengthens connections
3. Neural Units can be activated much like a neuron- activation gradually fades to baseline
4. Threshold for activation: Multiple units may be required to activate a particular unit
5. There can be layers of activation: which deeper layers combine and summate to previous layers

Front 24

What is a different name for neural units?

Back 24

Nodes

Front 25

What is the delta rule?

Back 25

Maximum activation minus
Current activation
times Delta

Thus showing the learning curve

Front 26

What other sets of knowledge has the connectionist model been applied to?

Back 26

Semantic Memory
Spatial learning in hippocampus
Instrument response - outcome contingencies
Classically conditioned associations

Front 27

How does the connectionist model describe short term memory?

Back 27

Items are activated in their neural representations, then slowly decay to baseline

Elaboration is the activation of multiple units

Front 28

Explain the encoding and retrieval patterns in stages of memory using the connectionist theory?

Back 28

Encoding is the strengthening of connections

Retrieval is the activation of retrieval cues, which activate relevant cues.

Front 29

What are the two dimensions of amnesia

Back 29

Cause related (physical or psychological)

Time related (trauma)

Front 30

What are psychogenic amnesia?

Back 30

Functional amnesia due to trauma

Front 31

Forgetting events before a trauma is called?

Back 31

Retrograde amnesia

Front 32

Forgetting of events after trauma and inability to form memories?

Back 32

Anterograde amnesia

Front 33

Patients of what syndrome cannot form semantic memory, have trouble with episodic memory yet procedural memory remains intact?

Back 33

Amnesic Syndrome

Front 34

Korsakoff's syndrome is due to what?

Back 34

Alcohol abuse
Thiamine deficiency

Front 35

Three explanations for amnesia of psychogenic amnesia?

Back 35

Repression
Emotional state dependence impeding recall
Implicit memory, memory goes implicit

Front 36

What are general items in everyday forgetting?

Back 36

Momentary forgetting
Prospective forgetting
Absentmindedness
Temporary forgetting of common names and words