Lesson 7: Learning And Memory

Front 1

Most psychologists often define ___ as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Most psychologists often define learning as a relatively permanent change as a result of ___.

Back 2

Experience

Front 3

The ___ focuses on a range of topics related to how people learn and interact with their environment.

Back 3

Psychology of Learning

Front 4

The psychology of learning focuses on a range of topics related to ___ and ___.

Back 4

how people learn and interact with their environment

Front 5

said to be relatively permanent change

Back 5

Learning

Front 6

Learning is said to be ___.

Back 6

relatively permanent change

Front 7

The effect of what has been learned would then be able to stand a good length of time, and would be able to exemplify consistency within that long period.

Back 7

Learning is said to be relatively permanent change.

Front 8

The effect of what has been learned would then be able to ___, and would be able to ___ within that long period.

Back 8

stand a good length of time and would be able to exemplify consistency

Front 9

It is this nature of the definition of learning that enables us to differentiate what is true learning, and what is rote learning.

Back 9

Learning is said to be relatively permanently change.

Front 10

Learning is said to be relatively permanent change.

It is this nature of the definition of learning that enables us to differentiate what is ___, and what is ___.

Back 10

True Learning and Rote Learning

Front 11

experiences

Back 11

True Learning

Front 12

memorizing

Back 12

Rote Learning

Front 13

best observed through the actions of one person

Back 13

Learning

Front 14

Learning is best observed through the ___.

Back 14

actions of one person

Front 15

This idea brought upon the notion of testing students either through written or a practical exam.

Back 15

Learning is best observed through the actions of one person.

Front 16

Learning is best observed through the actions of one person.

This idea brought upon the notion of ___ either through written or practical exam.

Back 16

Testing Students

Front 17

Learning is best observed through the actions of one person.

This idea brough upon the notion of testing students either through a ___ or a ___.

Back 17

Written or Practical Exam

Front 18

resulted from conditions of practice and experience

Back 18

Learning

Front 19

Learning resulted from ___ and ___.

Back 19

Conditions of Practice and Experience

Front 20

The process of true learning does not occur overnight.

Back 20

Learning results from conditions of practice and experiences.

Front 21

The process of true learning ___.

Back 21

does not occur overnight

Front 22

Models of Learning

Back 22

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Observational Learning

Front 23

proponent of classical conditioning

Back 23

Ivan Pavlov

Front 24

a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to raise a response because of its pairing with a natural stimulus

Back 24

Classical Conditioning

Front 25

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a ___ gradually gains the ability to raise a response because of its pairing with a natural stimulus.

Back 25

Neutral Stimulus

Front 26

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus ___ gains the ability to raise a response because of its pairing with a natural stimulus.

Back 26

gradually

Front 27

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus gradually ___ the ability to raise a response because of its pairing with a natural stimulus.

Back 27

gains

Front 28

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to ___ because of its pairing with a natural stimulus.

Back 28

raise a response

Front 29

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to raise a response because of its ___ with a natural stimulus.

Back 29

Pairing

Front 30

Classical conditioning is a conditioning in which a neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to raise a response because of its pairing with a ___.

Back 30

Natural Stimulus

Front 31

Features of Classical Conditioning

Back 31

1. Stimulus Generalization

2. Stimulus Discrimination

3. Stimulus Extinction

4. Higher Order Conditioning

Front 32

It is a process by which the conditioned response transfer to other stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Back 32

Stimulus Generalization

Front 33

subject would only react to what was originally conditioned to it and differentiate those that are not

Back 33

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 34

The process by which a conditioned response is lost.

Back 34

Stimulus Extinction

Front 35

The conditioned stimulus is once again paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 35

Reconditioning

Front 36

The whole situation, wherein the conditioned response re-appears through the help of the process of reconditioning, is then called ___.

Back 36

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 37

When a conditioned stimulus could then be used to condition a second neutral stimulus and produce the same conditioned response.

Back 37

Higher Order Conditioning

Front 38

Learning occurs when a consequence is presented after the manifestation of a behavior.

Back 38

Operant Conditioning

Front 39

Learning occurs when a consequence is presented after the manifestation of a behavior.

This notion came from the idea posted by ___ called the Law of Effect, and the experiments made by B.F. Skinner.

Back 39

Edward Lee Thorndike

Front 40

Learning occurs when a consequence is presented after the manifestation of a behavior.

This notion came from the idea posted by Edward Lee Thorndike called the ___, and the experiments made by B.F. Skinner.

Back 40

Law of Effect

Front 41

Learning occurs when a consequence is presented after the manifestation of a behavior.

This notion came from the idea posted by Edward Lee Thorndike called the Law of Effect, and the experiments made by ___.

Back 41

B.F. Skinner

Front 42

proponent of Operant Conditioning

Back 42

B.F. Skinner

Front 43

If a behavior is to be learned and sustained, then it needs to be rewarded. On the other hand, if a behavior is to be extinguished, then the presentation of rewards should be withheld.

Back 43

Law of Effect

Front 44

responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated

Back 44

Reinforcer

Front 45

reward - presenting the subject with something that it likes

Back 45

Positive Reinforcement

Front 46

reward - in the sense of removing or avoiding some aversive (painful) stimulus

Back 46

Negative Reinforcement

Front 47

Two Sub-Types of Negative Reinforcers

Back 47

1. Escape Conditioning

2. Avoidance Conditioning

Front 48

the manifestation of a behavior that would stop an aversive or irritating situation

Back 48

Escape Conditioning

Front 49

entails that the person responds to a signal that prevents even the start of having an aversive or irritating situation

Back 49

Avoidance Conditioning

Front 50

Reinforcers could also be distinguished according to degree:

Back 50

1. Primary Reinforcer

2. Secondary Reinforcer

Front 51

necessary in meeting biological needs such as food, water, and air

Back 51

Primary Reinforcer

Front 52

unconditioned reinforcer

Back 52

Primary Reinforcer

Front 53

something that enables subjects to acquire primary reinforce

example: money

Back 53

Secondary Reinforcer

Front 54

states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is inversely correlated to the time that it is given after the presentation of the behavior

Back 54

Gradient of Reinforcement

Front 55

Gradient of Reinforcement - states that the ___ is inversely correlated to the time that it is given after the presentation of the behavior.

Back 55

Effectiveness of Reinforcer

Front 56

Gradient of Reinforcement - states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is ___ to the time that it is given after the presentation of behavior.

Back 56

Inversely Correlated

Front 57

Gradient of Reinforcement - states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is inversely correlated to the ___.

Back 57

time that it is given after the presentation of the behavior

Front 58

There are two major kinds of reinforcement schedule:

Back 58

1. Continuous Reinforcement

2. Intermittent or Partial Schedule of Reinforcement

Front 59

each response is rewarded

Back 59

Continuous Reinforcement

Front 60

The four schedules of reinforcements are:

Back 60

1. Fixed Ratio

2. Variable Ratio

3. Fixed Interval

4. Variable Interval

Front 61

responses ang fixed

Back 61

Fixed Ratio/Variable Ratio

Front 62

time ang fixed

Back 62

Fixed Interval/Variable Interval

Front 63

a reinforcement which depends on a definite number of responses

Back 63

Fixed Ratio

Front 64

a reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies from one reinforcement to the next

Back 64

Variable Ratio

Front 65

a kind of reinforcement in which a response results in reinforcements after a definite length of time

Back 65

Fixed Interval

Front 66

the time between reinforcement varies

Back 66

Variable Interval

Front 67

the presentation of an aversive event or the removal of a positive event following a response that decreases the frequency of that response

Back 67

Punishment

Front 68

proponent of observational learning

social learning theory

Back 68

Albert Bandura

Front 69

This view entails that the process of learning occurs as we watch others behave.

Back 69

Observational Learning

Front 70

shaping n modeling

Back 70

Observational Learning

Front 71

The process of obsevational learning:

Back 71

1. Motivation

2. Attention

3. Retention

4. Reproduction of Action

Front 72

There must be some reason for carrying out the behavior.

Back 72

Motivation

Front 73

___ must be paid to the salient features of another's action.

Back 73

Attention

Front 74

Observed behaviors must be remembered in order to be carried out.

Back 74

Retention

Front 75

We must be able to carry out the behavior that we observed.

Back 75

Reproduction of Action

Front 76

occurs when we observe the model receiving reinforcement and we imitate it

Back 76

Vicarious Reinforcement

Front 77

happens when we observe the model being punished for engaging in a behavior that is considered negative

Back 77

Vicarious Punishment

Front 78

process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time

Back 78

Memory

Front 79

Stages of Memory Process:

Back 79

1. Sensory Register

2. Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)

3. Long-Term Memory

Front 80

Capacity: Our minds receives a great amount of information but it is more than what our minds can hold or perceive.

Back 80

Sensory Register

Front 81

Duration: The ___ holds the information for an extremely brief period (1-3 seconds).

Back 81

Sensory Register

Front 82

The sensory register only holds the information for an extremely brief period (___ - ___).

Back 82

1 to 3 seconds

Front 83

___ is more persistent than visual.

Back 83

Auditory Memory

Front 84

Sensory Register - 1-3 seconds

Back 84

Auditory Memory

Front 85

Auditory Memory is more persistent than ___.

Back 85

Visual

Front 86

Sensory Register - 0.5 seconds

Back 86

Visual Memory

Front 87

To ___, it is necessary that we give attention to it.

Back 87

bring information into consciousness

Front 88

To bring information into consciousness, it is necessary that ___.

Back 88

we give attention to it

Front 89

Working Memory

Back 89

Short-Term Memory

Front 90

Capacity: 5 to 9 "chunks" of information

Back 90

Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)

Front 91

It is called working memory because it is where new information is temporarily placed while it is mentally processed.

Back 91

Short-Term Memory

Front 92

Short-term memory is called ___ because it is where new information is temporarily placed while it is mentally processed.

Back 92

Working Memory

Front 93

Short-term memory is called working memory because it is where ___ is temporarily placed while it is mentally processed.

Back 93

New Information

Front 94

Short-term memory is called working memory because it is where new information is ___ while it is mentally processed.

Back 94

temporarily placed

Front 95

Short-term memory is called working memory because it is where new information is temporarily placed while it is ___.

Back 95

Mentally Processed

Front 96

Duration: 18 seconds or less

Back 96

Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)

Front 97

Capacity: Unlimited

Back 97

Long-Term Memory

Front 98

Duration: Indefinite

Back 98

Long-Term Memory

Front 99

beyond 18 seconds

Back 99

Long-Term Memory

Front 100

Three Types of Long-Term Memory

Back 100

1. Procedural

2. Semantic

3. Episodic

Front 101

general knowledge

Back 101

Semantic Memory

Front 102

events in ur life

Back 102

Episodic Memory

Front 103

If a ___ is to be learned and sustained, then it needs to be rewarded. On the other hand, if a ___ is to be extinguished, then the presentation of rewards should be withheld.

Back 103

Behavior

Front 104

If a behavior is to be ___ and ___, then it needs to be rewarded. On the other hand, if a behavior is to be extinguished, then the presentation of rewards should be withheld.

Back 104

learned and sustained

Front 105

If a behavior is to be learned and sustained, then it needs to be ___. On the other hand, if the behavior is to be extinguished, then the presentations of rewards should be withheld.

Back 105

rewarded

Front 106

If a behavior is to be learned and sustained, then it needs to be rewarded. On the other hand, if the behavior is to be ___, then the presentations of rewards should be withheld.

Back 106

extinguished

Front 107

If a behavior is to be learned and sustained then it needs to be rewarded. On the other hand, if the behavior is to be extinguished, then the ___ should be withheld.

Back 107

presentation of rewards

Front 108

If a behavior is to be be learned and sustained, then it should be rewarded. On the other hand, if a behavior is to be extinguished, then it the presentation of rewards should be ___.

Back 108

withheld