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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ambiguity |
There are two (or more) ways to interpret a word (bank) |
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Nodes in Memory |
The nodes in our memory trigger which word to interpret |
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Anderson et al. (1976) |
Instantiation: Encoding a particular structural node as connected to a particular semantic node
Semantic memory "intrudes" to influence episodic memory
The best cue for recall is "shark" not "fish" in "The fish attacked the swimmer" |
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Production vs. Verification |
Verification: indicating the truth of a test item ex. Fruit - peach; Animal - carnation
Production: retrieving an instance from memory when given a cue ex. Fruit - A(pple) ; A rose is ____ |
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Allan Collins & Ross Quillian |
Quillian (1965) designed a computer model of semantic knowledge
Collins & Quillian developed the Hierarchical Network Model to test semantic memory |
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Hierarchical Network Model |
Semantic memory consists of a network of basic elements (nodes) connected by pointers which express relations between elements
Assumption of cognitive economy: - It takes additional time to retrieve features stored at a level, therefore it should be faster to answer questions about category membership than about properties (faster for "fly" than "red breast") - Model doesn't explain the Typicality Effect: Faster to verify typical members f category than atypical members (A robin is a bird vs. A chicken is a bird) |
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Schaeffer & Wallace (1970) |
Study found that it was faster to category verify Horse-Cow than Horse-Cat; slower to category verify Walnut-Daisy than Walnut-Parrot
Similarity helped "yes" but hurt "no"- contrary to collins & Quillian's semantic distance idea |
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Feature Comparison Model (Ripps, Shoben & Smith, 1973) |
1) Defining Features: Features essential to define concept (bird- has feathers, has wings) 2) Characteristic Features: Features that are characteristic or common to many members of category, but not essential (bird- able to fly)
Relationships between concepts not stored in memory, must be computed Ex. Stage 1: robin is a bird Stage 2: Ostrich is a bird |
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Spreading Activation Network Model (collins & Loftus, 1975) |
Concepts organization in network, but organizational not hierarchical
Length of links between concepts represents strength of associations (short or long length of relationships; having seen doctor makes decisions on nurse faster)
(Car > Truck > Firetruck > Red > Blue > Water ...) |
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Neely (1977) |
Read the prime, then make a lexical decision about the target (focus on word trials)
Study: Shift/ no shift priming
Results: Suggests automatic spreading activation at short SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony); automatic + expectancy at long SOA |
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Summary |
-Memory is organized into an interconnected network - We can search through the network rapidly based on similarity - There are automatic connections, but we can also learn to override these using conscious controlled strategies |
