Chapter 7-Inside The Cell

Front 1

cellular respiration has 4 components

Back 1

-glycolysis
-pyruvate processing
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport and chemiosmosis

Front 2

How does ATP work?

Back 2

By phosphorylating target molecules

Front 3

energetic coupling

Back 3

the mechanism by which energy released from an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

Front 4

redox reactions

Back 4

chemical reactions that involve electron transfer. they drive ATP formation. oxidation and reduction events are always coupled.

Front 5

NAD

Back 5

NAD is reduced to form NADH.

Front 6

Cellular respiration

Back 6

any suite of reactions that form ATP in an electron transport chain.

Front 7

Glycolysis

Back 7

the break down of glucose to pyruvate

Front 8

Pyruvate processing

Back 8

pyrivate is oxidized to form Acetyl CoA

Front 9

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 9

acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2.

Front 10

Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis

Back 10

compounds that were reduced in glycolysis, pyrivate processing, and citric acid cycle are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production

Front 11

Glycolysis process

Back 11

Glucose is broken down into 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate and the potential energy released is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Energy investment and energy payoff phase

Front 12

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 12

production of ATP by transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate directly to ADP. net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

Front 13

electron transport chain

Back 13

any set of membrane bound protein complexes and smaller soluble electron carriers involved in a coordinated series of redox reactions in which the potential energy of electrons transferred from reduced donors is successively decreased and used to pump protons from one side of a membrane to another.

Front 14

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 14

production of ATP molecules from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

Front 15

ATP synthase

Back 15

large molecule bound protein complex in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and some bacteria that uses the energy of protons flowing through it to synthesize ATP

Front 16

feedback inhibition

Back 16

occurs when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway. cells are able to stop the production of ATP when ATP is abundant so that it can be made when ATP is scarce.

Front 17

phosphofructokinase

Back 17

during glycolosis, high levels of ATP inhibit this enzyme, which catalyzes one of the early reactions.

Front 18

Pyruvate processing

Back 18

It occurs by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix. acetyl CoA is made through a series of reactions. it is under both positive and negative control,

Front 19

Citric acid cycle

Back 19

the acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle, located at the mitochondrial matrix. start with acetyl CoA and end with CO2. when energy supplies are low, the cycle slows down.

Front 20

What does glucose oxidation produce?

Back 20

ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

Front 21

chemiosmosis

Back 21

an energy coupling mechanism whereby energy stored in an electrochemical proton gradient is used to drive am energy requiring process such as the production of ATP

Front 22

lactic acid fermentation

Back 22

Catabolic pathway in which pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Front 23

alcohol fermentation

Back 23

catabolic pathway in which pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to ethanol in the absence of oxygen. occurs in yeast. inefficient-produces only 2 ATP molecules