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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transfer |
How is information copied into the store? |
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Capacity |
How much information can the store hold? |
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Forgetting |
How does information get lost from the store? (Decay) |
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Representation |
What is the format of information in the store? |
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Retrieval |
How is information recovered from the store? |
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George Miller & Herb Simon (1965) |
Miller's analysis of short-term memory capacity (7 +/- 2 chunks) |
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Chunk |
Anything in the working memory, which has a unitary representation in long-term memory |
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Recoding |
Packing more information into each chunk, given that the number of chunks is limited |
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Mnemonic |
"Shopping list: walk through the house to remember" A technique for improving memory |
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Interference |
Poor remembering caused by interference by the counting task |
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Retroactive Interference (RI) |
Newer material interferes backward in time with your recollection of older items |
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Proactive Interference (PI) |
When older material interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current stimulus |
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Release from PI |
Applying new information from a different category to "reset" |
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Saul Sternberg |
Developed ways to measure working memory retrieval using recognition, not recall; used response time because accuracy would be perfect |
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Sequential/ Serial Scan |
If scanning is one at a time, one item after another, then RT should increase with set size (goes through the whole list even when a match is found; still takes longer for a "no" as you have to go through the whole list before coming up with an answer) |
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Parallel Scan |
If scanning examines all items at once, then RT should be constant over set size; both accounts make the same prediction for "no" and "yes" but "no" may take longer |
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Working Memory Operation |
Central Executive: directs and controls all WM functions
Visio-spatial Sketchpad: slave system for holding visual information
Phonological Loop: slave system for holding and recycling auditory/ acoustic information
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Recoding & Rehearsal |
Verbal information is recoded into acoustic format in WM even when it is visually experienced
Conrad (1965): sound alike errors (ex. A E G T B) Wickelgren (1965): RI from rhyming distractor task |
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Semantic Codes |
Wickens' "release from PI" demonstrates importance of semantic codes in working memory |
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Mental Rotation |
Ability to mentally rotate images indicates visual coding in working memory |
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Differences between SM and WM |
Sensory Memory - Infinite capacity - Forgetting due to decay - Raw representation
Working Memory - Chunks of 7 +/- 2 - Forgetting due to interferences - Largely phonological representation |
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Serial Position Curve |
Primacy: Superior memory for the beginning information in a sequence
Asymptote: Average memory for information in the middle of a sequence
Recency: Superior memory for the ending information in a sequence
Slow presentation enhances primacy by a slight amount |
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Dissociation |
An independent variable affects on situation or theoretical entity differently from another (ex. Distraction affects WM but not LTM) |
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Double Dissociation |
Two situations or theoretical entities are affected in opposite ways by one or more independent variables (ex. Distraction affects WM but not LTM; rate of presentation and word frequency affects LTM but not WM) |
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Rehearsal Buffer |
The component of short-term memory that holds information currently being rehearsed (mental recycling systems) |
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Process Model |
Stage model designed to explain the sequential mental steps involved in performance of some task - Encode Probe - Scan and compare with memory set items - Binary (yes/no) decisions - Execute motor response |
