Chapter 5

Front 1

Biomechanics

Back 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

Front 2

Superior

Back 2

Positioned above a point of reference.

Front 3

Inferior

Back 3

Positioned below a point of reference.

Front 4

Proximal

Back 4

Position nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.

Front 5

Distal

Back 5

Position farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.

Front 6

Anterior

Back 6

On the front of the body.

Hint 6

Ventral

Front 7

Posterior

Back 7

On the back of the body.

Hint 7

Dorsal

Front 8

Medial

Back 8

Positioned near the middle of the body.

Front 9

Lateral

Back 9

Position towards the outside of the body.

Front 10

Contralateral

Back 10

Position on the opposite side of the body.

Front 11

Lpsilateral

Back 11

Positioned on the same side of the body.

Front 12

Anatomic position

Back 12

The position with the body erect with arms at the side and the palms forward. Anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for an atomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.

Front 13

Sagittal plane

Back 13

An imaginary bisector that divides the body inside left and right halves.

Front 14

Flexion

Back 14

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Front 15

Extension

Back 15

A strengthening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Front 16

Hyperextension

Back 16

Extension of the joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Front 17

Frontal plane

Back 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Front 18

Abduction

Back 18

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Front 19

Adduction

Back 19

Movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline of the body.

Front 20

Transverse plane

Back 20

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Front 21

Internal rotation

Back 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Front 22

External rotation

Back 22

Rotation of a joint away from the midline of the body.

Front 23

Horizontal abduction

Back 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Front 24

Horizontal adduction

Back 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Front 25

Scapular retraction

Back 25

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blade moves towards the midline.

Front 26

Scapular protraction

Back 26

Abduction of scapula; Shoulder blade moves away from the midline.

Front 27

Scapular depression

Back 27

Downward motion of the scapula.

Hint 27

Inferior

Front 28

Scapular elevation

Back 28

Upward motion of the scapula.

Hint 28

Superior

Front 29

Eccentric muscle action

Back 29

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

Front 30

Concentric muscle action

Back 30

When a muscle is Exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.

Front 31

Isometric muscle action

Back 31

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

Front 32

Isokinetic muscle action

Back 32

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Front 33

Force

Back 33

And influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Front 34

Length-tension relationship

Back 34

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Front 35

Force-couple

Back 35

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

Front 36

Rotary motion

Back 36

Movement of the bone around the joints.

Front 37

Torque

Back 37

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-meter or Nm.

Front 38

Motor behavior

Back 38

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Front 39

Motor control

Back 39

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with the previous experience to produce a motor response.

Front 40

Motor learning

Back 40

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Front 41

Motor development

Back 41

The change in the motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Front 42

Muscle synergies

Back 42

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Front 43

Proprioception

Back 43

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that senses position and limb movements.

Front 44

Sensorimotor integration

Back 44

The Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Front 45

Feedback

Back 45

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

Front 46

Internal feedback

Back 46

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to receptively monitor movement and the environment.

Front 47

External feedback

Back 47

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, video tape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to the supplement the internal environment.

Front 48

Figure 5.3

Back 48

Front 49

Table 5.1

Back 49

Front 50

Figure 5.4

Back 50

Front 51

Figure 5.5

Back 51

Front 52

Figure 5.6

Back 52

Front 53

Figure 5.7

Back 53

Front 54

Table 5.2 muscle action spectrum

Back 54

Front 55

Table 5.3 common Force-couple

Back 55

Front 56

Figure 5.15 levers

Back 56