Nasm Cpt 4: Chapter 5 Terms

Front 1

Biomechanics

Back 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

Front 2

Superior

Back 2

Positioned above a point of reference

Front 3

Inferior

Back 3

Positioned below a point of reference

Front 4

Proximal

Back 4

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

Front 5

Distal

Back 5

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference

Front 6

Anterior (or Ventral)

Back 6

On the front of the body

Front 7

Posterior (or Dorsal)

Back 7

On the back of the body

Front 8

Medial

Back 8

Positioned near the middle of the body

Front 9

Lateral

Back 9

Positioned toward the outside of the body

Front 10

Contralateral

Back 10

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Front 11

Ipsilateral

Back 11

Positioned on the same side of the body

Front 12

Anatomic Position

Back 12

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. ANatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is the anatomic position

Front 13

Sagittal Plane

Back 13

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves

Front 14

Flexion

Back 14

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

Front 15

Extension

Back 15

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Front 16

Hyperextension

Back 16

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Front 17

Frontal Plane

Back 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Front 18

Abduction

Back 18

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Front 19

Adduction

Back 19

A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Front 20

Transverse Plane

Back 20

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

Front 21

Internal Rotation

Back 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

Front 22

External Rotation

Back 22

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Front 23

Horizontal Abduction

Back 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Front 24

Horizontal Adduction

Back 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

Front 25

Scapular Retraction

Back 25

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Front 26

Scapular Protraction

Back 26

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Front 27

Scapular Depression

Back 27

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula

Front 28

Scapular Elevation

Back 28

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula

Front 29

Eccentric Muscle Action

Back 29

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

Front 30

Concentric Muscle Action

Back 30

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Front 31

Isometric Muscle Action

Back 31

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length

Front 32

Isokinetic Muscle Action

Back 32

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

Front 33

Force

Back 33

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

Front 34

Length-Tension Relationships

Back 34

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Front 35

Force-Couple

Back 35

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Front 36

Rotary Motion

Back 36

Movement of the bones around the joints

Front 37

Torque

Back 37

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-meter or Nm

Front 38

Motor Behavior

Back 38

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

Front 39

Motor Control

Back 39

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Front 40

Motor Learning

Back 40

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Front 41

Motor Development

Back 41

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Front 42

Muscle Synergies

Back 42

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

Front 43

Proprioception

Back 43

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements

Front 44

Sensorimotor Integration

Back 44

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Front 45

Feedback

Back 45

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Front 46

Internal Feedback

Back 46

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

Front 47

External Feedback

Back 47

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment