Chapter 4 Section 3 Part 2

Front 1

Piraeus

Back 1

Athenian port the most important commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean

Front 2

Sophists

Back 2

In Athens traveling teachers (wise men) who provided instruction in logic and public speaking to pupils who could afford their fees. (Greek masses became so aware of the power of words that sophist came to mean one who uses cleverness to distort and manipulate reality)

Front 3

Socrates

Back 3

Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others. He was put on trial for corrupting youth and not believing in the gods and was executed by the Athenian state.

Front 4

Plato

Back 4

disciple of Socrates who withdrew from public office after Socrates execution to dedicate himself to philosophical pursuit of knowledge. Plato’s intellectual activity is representative of the transition from oral to written culture: Plato read and wrote books, and he founded a school, the Academy, in Athens where young men could pursue higher education

Front 5

Socratic method

Back 5

uses questions and answers to reach a deeper understanding of the meaning of values such as justice, excellence and wisdom.

Front 6

Aristotle

Back 6

studied at Plato’s Academy, chosen by Macedonia King Philip II to tutor his son Alexander. Returned to Athens founded school, Lyceum. Lectured and wrote about politics, philosophy, ethics, logic, poetry, physics, astronomy, meteorology, zoology, psychology laying the foundations for many modern disciplines.

Front 7

Role of salves in Classical Greece

Back 7

were mostly foreign, accounted for one third of the population, and were regarded as property. The average Athenian family owned one or more who were treated like domestic servants. Provided male citizens with the leisure for political activity.

Front 8

Role of women

Back 8

Sparta/ free and outspoken, expected to bear and raise strong children Athens/ confined and oppressed, not educated therefore men saw them as inferior.

Front 9

Athenian marriage

Back 9

unequal, arranged unions of younger women to older men. The duties of a wife were to produce and raise children (especially sons), to weave cloth, and to cook and clean. Husbands and wives has limited daily contact and therefore little or no meaningful relations between men and women.

Front 10

Peloponnesian War

Back 10

Cause/Imperial Athens aroused the resentment of other Greek city-states, which led to this war Parties involved/a conflict between the alliance systems of Athens and Sparta which encompassed most of the Greek world. Outcome/Athens used its naval power to insulate itself and the war dragged on for 3 decades. Sparta, with a navy paid for by the Persians, finally defeated Athens in 404 B.C.E. Results/ Sparta’s arrogance then inspired the opposition of the other Greek city

Front 11

Philip of Macedonia

Back 11

King of Macedonia who turned the backward northern Greek kingdom of Macedonia into a great military power. He strengthened his army by equipping his soldiers with longer spears, using both cavalry and infantry forces, and developing new siege equipment including catapults. Soon controlling all Greek citystates he planned all Greek campaign against the Persians. Killed by an assassin.

Front 12

Alexander the Great

Back 12

Philip’s son (the Great) invaded Persia in and defeated the forces of the Darius III Persian Empire. Alexander, who conquered as far as Pakistan, built his own empire in which he maintained the administrative apparatus of the Persian Empire, used Persian officials as well as Greeks and Macedonians, and began to present himself as a successor to the Persian king.