Chapter 4. Politics Of Globalization

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An ethnic group in which a significant percentage of its members favor national self-determination and the establishment of a nation-state dominated by the group

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Ethnonational group

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The belief by some that their nation or other group is better than others

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Exceptionalism

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Countries in which all or most of the citizens give their primary political loyalty to an ethnic group, a religious group, or some other source of political identity. Such states are so fragmented that no one political group can govern effectively and, thus, are more legal entities than functioning governments.

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Failed States

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Interconnected theological or secular ideas that establish values about what is good and what is not, and that indicate a course of action, create perceptual links among adherents, and perceptually distinguish those who adhere to a given ideology from those who do not.

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Ideology

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A minority population’s demand to join its motherland (often an adjoining state), or when the motherland claims the area in which the minority lives.

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Irredentism

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Countries with small populations that cannot survive economically without outside aid or that are inherently so militarily weak that they are an inviting target for foreign intervention

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Microstates

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A country in which there are two or more significant nationalities

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Multinational State

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A nation that has substantial numbers of its people living in more than one state.

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Multistate Nation
(Ex: Koreans, Albanians)

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A group of culturally and historically similar people who feel a communal bond and who feel they should govern themselves to at least some degree.

- Share demographic and cultural similarities: race, culture, language, ethnicity, etc.

- Sense of community: Recognition/belief in connectedness

- Want to control themselves politically: autonomous self-governance

- Intangible institutions

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Nation

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The belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political loyalty and that nations should have self-governing states.

- Separatist political impulse of a nation

- An ideology that holds that the nation should be the primary political identity of individuals

- A sense of essential political identity that dictates action in concert

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Nationalism

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A politically organized territory that recognizes no higher law and whose population politically identifies with that entity.

- In theory, the combination of state and nation, reflecting a nation’s desire to have its own state and to govern itself independently

- In practice, many states contain multiple nations within their own borders and nations often overlap one or more state boundaries

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Nation-State

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The perceived connection between an individual and a political community (a group that has political interest and goals) and among individuals of a political community. Nationalism is the dominant political identity of most people, but others, such as religion, do exist as a primary political identity and are becoming more common

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Political Identity

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A political doctrine that holds that sovereign political authority resides with the citizens of a state. According to this doctrine, the citizenry grant a certain amount of authority to the state, its government, and, especially, its specific political leaders (such as monarchs, presidents, and prime ministers), but do not surrender ultimate sovereignty

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Popular Sovereignty

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The concept that a people should have the opportunity to map their own destiny

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Self-determinaton

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The process of creating both a government and other legal structures of a country and the political identification of the inhabitants of the country with the state and their sense of loyalty to it.

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State Building

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A nation that does not exercise political control over any state.

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Stateless Nation
Ex: Kurds, Palestinians

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Fear of others, or other groups

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Xenophobia

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The belief that Jews are a nation and that they should have an independent homeland

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Zionism

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The Rise and Ascendancy of Nationalism: Early Developments

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- Fall of Rome
- Division of Western Christendom and fragmentation of European culture
- Rise of secular monarchs

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The Rise and Ascendancy of Nationalism: Ascendant Modern Nationalism

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- Creation of a nationalistic popular culture
- Implication of the spreading notion of equality
- Concept of popular sovereignty, from Switzerland and England to American and French revolutions
- Changes in the political map–emergence of nation-states

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The Rise and Ascendancy of Nationalism: Patterns of Nation-State Formation

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Nation-building versus state building.
- Sometimes they evolve together

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Nationalism in Practice: Issues and Evaluation

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- Nation-states: more myth than reality
- Nationalism has a troubled face as well as a beneficent one
- The idea of self-determination may not always be a sound goal

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Nation-States: More Myth Than Reality

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- Territorial boundaries of nations and states do not always coincide.
- Lack of “fit” between nations and states is a significant source of international and domestic tension and conflict.

Lack-of-fit patterns:
Multinational States (Canada, Rwanda)
Multistate Nation (Koreans, Albanians)
Stateless Nation (Kurds, Palestinians)
Multiple nations, multiple states (Afghanistan, Russia)

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The Beneficent Face of Nationalism

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- Promotes democracy (self-determination, popular sovereignty), but can be manipulated by demagogues.
- Encourages self-determination
- Discourages imperialism: Serves as a powerful deterrent to outside rule but can encourage expansionist tendencies.
- Promotes economic development
- Protects diversity and experimentation: This seems true when considering interactions between nation-states, but it can also suppress diversity within a state

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The Troubled Face of Nationalism

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- Intensity and magnitude of ethnonational conflicts remain high

- Leads to the lack of concern for others, xenophobia, internal oppression, and external aggression

- Negative nationalism –“exceptionalism”–feeling superior to or even hating others

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Self-Determination as a Goal

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Positive Aspects: Can help end ethnic oppression

Problems and Concerns: Untangling groups
Dissolution of existing states

Microstates:
"Negative sovereignty" -invites intervention by more powerful
- Is there a right to secede? Applying self-determination principles is difficult in a complex world

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The Predicted Demise of Nationalism: The Lesson of World War II

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- Experiences of destructive power of nationalism (Fascism)
- Development of nuclear weapons
- Emphasis on free trade and economic interdependence

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Nationalism and the Future

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- Continued strength of nationalism: Between 1940 and 2003 the number of states increased 272%
- BUT, nationalism may evolve toward internationalism, although at a slow pace at best; no immediate prospects for change
- Still the primary source of political identification but constantly being challenged

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Who said this...
"Xenophobia and exceptionalism often lead to conflict"

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Karl Marx