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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Measuring a country’s strength through traditional measures (such as GNP) and also through human and natural capital is known as
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Green accounting.
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The largest number of humans that the Earth can sustain indefinitely at current rates of per capita consumption of natural resources is known as the Earth’s
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Carrying Capacity
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In order for the South to develop economically yet responsibly, the North must
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Provide a significant amount of financial aid to the South.
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Researchers project that population growth over the next 50 years will be greatest in
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Africa
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Which type of approach to the population problem advocates the use of contraceptives?
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Social
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About what percentage of energy is produced by environmentally friendly sources (hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, and wind power)?
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3%
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The notion that international organizations are attempting to control LDCs’ environmental resources is called
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Eco-colonialism
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Which of the following does not contribute to fresh¬water contamination?
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Diversity of marine life
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Since 1990, U.S. tuna importation laws have been changed to protect
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Dolphins
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The recent decline in air pollution in EDCs is offset by
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Increased levels of air pollution in LDCs.
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Measures a country’s overall strength using the following factors:
GNP and other traditional measures of national wealth Human capital: the productive capacity of a country’s population as determined by its education, health, and other factors. Natural capital: includes the quality and quantity, as appropriate, of land, air, water, and natural resources |
Green Accounting
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Whether and how the world can continue simultaneously to sustain development and to protect the environment
Issue of carrying capacity: The largest number of humans that the Earth can sustain indefinitely at current rates of per capita consumption of natural resources |
Debates about the ecological state of the world and sustainable development
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Value of the Earth's ecological systems
State of the Earth's ecological systems Environmental pessimists Environmental scarcities Environmental optimists Technological innovation |
The Ecological State of the World: The Bottom Line
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how to promote economic development without compromising protection of the environment and the human condition
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The conundrum
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Severely restricting development
Paying the price for environmentally responsible development Example of China Short-term costs for long-term benefits |
Options for sustainable development
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The sustainable development debate: What to believe
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Sustainable development
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recognizing that there is a problem; accomplished with the convening of two UN-sponsored “Earth Summits”
Earth Summit I, 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Earth Summit II, 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) |
The Politics of Sustainable Development
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According to the UN Population Fund, in 2050 the world population will reach 8.9 billion
High growth rate is fueled by: Improving human health/fewer deaths Huge population base Future trends look grim |
Sustainable Development: Population Problems
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Decreased infant mortality
Increased life span results in large population base Relationship of poverty and birthrates Cultural norms Limited access to birth control |
Causes of the Population Problem
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UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Conference on Population and Development (UNCPD), 1994 Overarching goals: restraining population growth, improving reproductive health, and empowering women How to achieve these goals is very controversial World Health Organization (WHO) International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) |
Role of the United Nations; Population Progress: The Response of the International Community
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Provide information about birth control and make birth control mechanisms available
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Social Aprroaches; Approaches to Reducing the Birthrate
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Belief that poverty causes overpopulation
Include efforts to advance economic and educational opportunities available to women World Conference on Women (WCW) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) |
Economic Approaches; Approaches to Reducing the Birthrate
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Improved economic conditions in many LDCs
Slowly improving economic and educational status of women Average global fertility rate has declined Infant mortality rates continue to drop Yet problem is far from being resolved Greatest increases in population are occurring in the very poorest countries |
The Impact of International Population Control Efforts
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Petroleum, natural gas, and minerals
Increase in world energy needs versus decrease in nonrenewable resources Oil consumption Coal consumption Nuclear power Vast majority of all energy consumed by EDCs |
Sustainable Development: The Resource Problem
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Maintain EDCs' economies and standards of living
Promote economic development in the South Manage problems of resource depletion and environmental damage |
The Resource Puzzle
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Global warming
Cost of wood increases Loss of biodiversity |
Consequences of deforestation
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Soil erosion
Increased risk of floods Desertification |
Land degradation
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Forest depletion
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Forests and Land
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Economic value and loss of diversity
$20 billion annual illegal trade in feathers, pelts, ivory, and other wildlife products Role of pollution in the destruction of wildlife Human food requirements bring increasing pressure on the ocean’s fish, mollusks, and crustaceans |
Wildlife
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Most water is not potable
Increased agricultural and industrial use Contamination Potable water shortage could cause international conflict |
Freshwater
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Increasing human food requirements
Marine pollution |
Pressures on the seas and fisheries
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UN Convention on the Law of the Seas, 1994
International Whaling Commission (IWC) Significant national and international conservation and regulation efforts |
Protecting fisheries
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Ground quality
Water quality Air quality The ozone layer Global warming Greenhouse effect Controversial |
Sustainable Development: The Environment
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Exporting solid waste for disposal, includes e-dumping
Using LDCs as disposal sites |
Issues; International Ground Quality
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1992 Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
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Efforts to protect; International Ground Quality
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Marine pollution–spillage from shipping, ocean waste dumping, offshore mining, and oil-and-gas drilling activity
Freshwater pollution–acid rain and rivers |
Issues; International Water Quality
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Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001
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Efforts to Protect; International Water Quality
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Air pollution from sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOx ), and suspended particles (such as dust and soot) cause some 500,000 deaths a year, according to WHO
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Issues; International Air Quality
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Annual EDC emissions of air pollutants have declined dramatically
Several international and regional agreements |
Efforts to Protect; International Air Quality
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Add to greenhouse effect
Increase cancers and life mutations Destroy basic life forms at the bottom of the food chain |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); Ozone Layer Depletion
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UN Environmental Programme (UNEP)
Limiting chemicals |
Some progress at international level; Protecting the Ozone Layer
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CO2 emissions
Global Warming Convention at the 1992 Earth Summit |
Easing global Warming; Protecting the Ozone Layer
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Basel Convention
Environment has only received international attention since World War II |
Addressing other environmental concerns; Protecting the ozone layer
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Global emissions of greenhouse gases have risen significantly
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen Role of deforestation Global temperature is rising |
Global Warming; What we know
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Whether global warming is caused by humans or is a natural phenomenon
Whether global warming will have dire consequences or an impact that will in some cases be beneficial Environmental pessimists Climatic changes are dramatic Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) Environmental optimists Natural warming and cooling trends Global warming and its effects are over-exaggerated |
Global Warming: What Is in Dispute
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Significant reductions in the emission of global gases (Kyoto Protocol)
Economic costs cut both ways, trade-offs must be made Long-term versus short-term costs, both economic and environmental, must be considered |
The International response to Global Warming
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Realists & neorealists work to promote the nation cuz states are core; pursue self-interest; preserve or expand power; do not squander power on marginal interests or moral/ideological crusades.
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Self-Interest
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The right of all adults to vote, regardless of race, gender, belief, intelligence, economic or social status.
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universal Suffrage
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