Chapter 4 Learning And Human Nature

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Lasting change in behavior or mental process that results from experience

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Habituation

Back 2

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

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Mere exposure effect

Back 3

A learned preference for stimuli to which we've been previously exposed

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Behavioral learning

Back 4

Forms of learning such as classical conditioning operant conditioning that can be described in terms of stimulus and responses

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Classical conditioning

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A form of behavioral learning in which a previosuly neutral dyinulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus

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Neutral stimulus

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Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. When it is brought into a conditioning experiment, the researcher will call it a conditioned stimulus. The assumption is that some conditioning occurs after even one pairing of the CS and UCS

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Unconditioned stimulus

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In classical conditioning, UCS is the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

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Aquisition

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The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

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Conditioned stimulus

Back 10

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. Customarily, in a conditioning experiment, the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus when it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned response

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In classical conditioning, a response elicited by previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

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Extinction (in classical conditioning)

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The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus

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Spontaneous recovery

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The unexpected reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay

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Stimulus generalization

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The extension of a learned response to stimulus that are similar to the conditioned response

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Stimulus discrimination

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Learning to respond to a particular stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar

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Operant conditioning

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The form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by the consequences - that is, by the stimuli that follow the response

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Law of effect

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The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned or stamped into the organism

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Reinforcer

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What condition involving ADA the presentation or removal of a stimulus that occurs after response and strengthens that response

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Positive reinforcement

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A stimulus presented after response and increasing the probability of that response happening again

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Negative reinforcement

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Removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior. Contrast with punishment

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Operant chamber

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A box like apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and Punishers contingent on an animal's behavior.

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Reinforcement contingencies

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Relationships between the response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response

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Continuous reinforcement

Back 23

A type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced

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Shaping

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An operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response

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Intermittent reinforcement

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A type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced. Also called partial reinforcement

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Extinction (in operant conditioning)

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A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement

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Schedule of reinforcement

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A program specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements

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Ratio schedule

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A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses

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Interval schedule

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A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement

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Fixed ratio schedule

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A program by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unvarying number of responses

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Variable ratio schedule

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The reinforcement program by which the number of responses required for reinforcement varies from trial to trial

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Fixed interval schedule

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The program by which reinforcement is contingent upon a certain, fixed time period .

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Variable interval schedule

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A program by which the time period Between reinforcement varies from trial to trial

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Primary reinforcer

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A reinforcer, such as food or sex, that has an innate basis because of its biological value to an organism

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Conditioned reinforcer or secondary reinforcer

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A stimulus, such as money or tokens, that acquires its reinforcing power by learned association with primary reinforcers

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Instinctive drift

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The tendency of an organisms innate response to interfere with learned behavior

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Token economy

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Therapeutic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individuals are rewarded with tokens, which act as secondary reinforcers. The tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and privileges

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Premack principle

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The concept that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

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Punishment

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An aversive consequence which, occurring after response, diminishes the strength of that response

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Positive punishment

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The application of an aversive stimulus after a response

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Negative punishment

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The removal of an attractive stimulus after a response

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Insight learning

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A form of cognitive learning, originally described by the gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perception

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Cognitive map

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A mental representation of a maze or other physical space. Psychologists often use this term to include an understanding of connections among concepts

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Observational learning

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A form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others behavior and the consequences of their behavior

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Long-term potentiation

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A biological process involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells that is believed to be the neural basis of learning