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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
4-1
What are genes, and how to behavior geneticists explain our individual differences?
-Genes are biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes, a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein molecule.

-Behavior genetics study the effect that environment and genetics have on behavior.
-Environment has virtually no effect on an individuals personality; but an individuals environment can influence attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics.
4-2
What is the promise of molecular genetics research?
-Molecular genetics seeks to indentify specific genes influencing behavior. Identify specific genes and understand how they work together to orchestrate different human traits such as body weight, sexual orientation, etc.
-They will pinpoint genes that put people at risk for certain diseases, and identify at-risk populations.
-Resulting in the ability to predict risks and take steps to prevent problems before they happen.
4-3
What is heritability, and how does it relate to individuals and groups?
-Heritability is the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

-An individuals heritability is the variation of a trait that can be attributed to their genes.

-Heritability with groups is not accurately measured, though considered, because of how many variables between individuals are considered. Environment has more influence on studying groups than does similar heredity.
4-4
How do heredity and environment work together?
-One shared trait is adaptability to our environments.
-Genes regulate according to the environment
-Traits that determine personality will influence how people react to the individual, so our genes influence the environment. Our genes affect how people react to us and influence us.
4-5
How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?
-Evolutionary psychologists explain that gender differences in sexuality and mating preference is rooted from natural selection and similar characteristics that hold true to a majority of males and females is explained based on our ancestors actions. Men are attracted to slender youthful women because historically men identified those women as healthy and fertile with many childbearing years available. Women are generally attracted tov older, wealthier men because these characteristics meant a mature, dominant father capable of supporting and protecting the family
4-6
How might an evolutionary psychologist explain gender differences in sexuality and mating preferences?
-Evolutionary psychologists explain that gender difference's in sexuality and mating preferences are a result of genes passed down from ancestors based on natural selection and the way they interacted with mate selection.
4-7
What are the key criticisms of evolutionary psychology, and how do evolutionary psychologists respond?
-Natural selection characteristics passed to our generation contradict what appears to be more suited. Men are naturally not loyal and they have expectional sexual assertiveness. If men today were naturally tied to one woman and loyal, that would be more appropriately carried over to future generations, sexuality has lead to sex crimes.
-Evolutionary psychology suggests predetermined genes that stereotype's men's and women's roles that are not perceived as "completely evolved" yet.

-Evolutionary psychologists agree that there are other factors influencing today's behavior, there is more room for adaptation and evolution. Evolutionary psychology is the study of how we came to be, not how we ought to be.
4-8
How do early experiences modify the brain?
-Early experiences-nurture, sights, smells, touch is crucial in utilizing the brains potential. Neural pathways experience a pruning response, during initial experience, if a neural pathway is not utilized and someone is not exposed to an element of nurture, the pathway will weaken.
4-9
In what way do parents and peers shape children's development?
-Both are necessary for child development and compliment eachother.
-Parents actions result in the child mimicing those behaviors as a parent. Parents educate, responsibility, discipline, authority.
-Peers teach cooperation, popularity, style. Peers define a childs culture
-A parent decides where the child goes to school, influencing the childs peers.
4-10
How do cultural norms affect our behavior?
-Cultural norms refer to each culture groups rules for accepted and expected behavior; if adapted to these cultural norms, you fit ideally into your culture. Two cultures interacting with eachother can result in culture shock, in which each cultures norms conflict with each other and exception to cultural norms are often made.
4-11
How do individualist and collectivist cultures influence people?
-Individualists act on personal convictions and values. Individualist culture puts priority on personal goals. They, share same human characteristic of needing to belong, but more easily move in and out of social groups, switch places of worship, switch jobs, leave families and migrate to new locations. They more easily end relationships if they no longer love. As a result, individualists are more prone to lonliness, higher divorce, homicide, and stress related diseases.

-Collectivists act based on group identification; a sense of belonging with deeper, more rooted attachments; with more tradition and shared practices. They avoid confrontation, blunt honesty, and uncomfortable topics; more often deferring to the wishes of others. Collectivists are more often shy and embarrassed around different groups.
4-12
What are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike and differ?
-Male and female's have the same vocabulary, intelligence, happiness, and use all the same functions for sight, sound, touch, etc.
-Men feel better about their appearance, women, about behavior and ethics.
-Women enter puberty sooner, live longer, have more fat, less muscle, and are shorter. They become aroused after orgasm, smell fainter odors, express emotions more freely, and offer help more often. They have higher risk for eating disorders, are more prone to anxiety and depression.

-Men are more prone to suicide, alcohol dependence, autism, color-blindness, ADD, anti-social personality disorder. Men are more aggressive, socially dominant. Men are less religious and play less.

-Men prefer working with things, women with people.
4-13
How is our biological sex determined, and how do sex hormones influence gender development?
-Biological sex difference is determined by the third pair of "sex" chromosomes. Mother gives an X chromosome, and father either gives and x (resulting in female) or Y n(resulting in male). Testosterone development occurs greater in males during the 7th week which starts the development of male sex organs.
-During the 4-5 prenatal month, sex hormones bathe the brain and influence wiring, male/female characteristics.
4-14
How do gender roles and gender typing influence gender development?
-Gender role are behaviors that a culture expects of its men and women. This is caused by one's culture shaping social expectation that guide's men or women's behavior.

-Gender typing-children are attuned to traditional male or female roles. Children naturally form "schemas" concepts that help them make sense of the world, and gender schema is organization of boy/girl differences. Boys analyze female characteristics, understand the differences, and develop their own identity. They seek children of the same sex for socializing, finding commonalities, and mimic their habits to form their own identity.
4-15
What is included in the biopsychosocial approach to development?
-Biological influences: shared genes, individual genetic development, prenatal environment, sex genes, hormones, and physiology.
-Psychological influence: Environmental interaction, neurological effect of early experiences, responses evoked by individual temperament, gender, etc., beliefs, feelings, and expectations.
-Social/cultural influence: parents, peers, individualism/collectivism, gender norms.

-All determine individual development.