Chapter 31

Front 1

paraenchyma

Back 1

cells are usually loosely packed, cube shaped, or elongated cells that contain a large central vacuole and have thin, flexible cell walls -- they are involved in many metabolic functions including photosynthesis, storage of water and nutrients, and healing

Front 2

collenchyma

Back 2

cells are thicker
cell walls are also irregular in shape
the thicker cell walls provide more support for the plant -- they are grouped into strands and they are specialized for supporting parts of the plant that are still lengthening

Front 3

sclerenchyma

Back 3

thick, rigid cell walls
they support and strengthen the plant in areas where growth is no longer occuring

Front 4

dermal tissue system

Back 4

forms the outside covering of plants

Front 5

epidermis

Back 5

the dermal tissue of a plant

Front 6

ground tissue system

Back 6

is surrounded by termal tissue -- consists of the enchymas -- it functions in storage, metabolism and support

Front 7

vascular tissue system

Back 7

surrounded by ground tissue -- functions in transport and support -- consists of xylem, tissue, and flowem tissue

Front 8

trachea

Back 8

in an angiosperm it is a long thick walled sclerenchyma with tapering ends

Front 9

pits

Back 9

thin areas of the cell wall -- water moves through it

Front 10

vessel element

Back 10

a sclerenchyma cell that has either large holes in the top and bottom walls or no end walls at all

Front 11

vessels

Back 11

long tubes that are formed by stacked vessel elements

Front 12

sive tube member

Back 12

the conducting perenchyma cell of angiosperm flowem

Front 13

sive tubes

Back 13

the product of stacked sive tube members

Front 14

sive plate

Back 14

the end walls that compounds move from cell to cell through

Front 15

companion cell

Back 15

assists in transport

Front 16

meri stems

Back 16

where plant growths originate -- and plant cells continue to divide

Front 17

apical meri stems

Back 17

located at the tips and stems of roots

Front 18

lateral meri stems

Back 18

these allow stems and roots to increase in diameter (gymnosperms and most dicots)

Front 19

vascular cambium

Back 19

located between the xylem and phlome

Front 20

cork cambium

Back 20

located outside the phlome -- produces cork

Front 21

cork

Back 21

dead cells that provided protection and prevent water loss

Front 22

primary growth

Back 22

growth in length

Front 23

secondary growth

Back 23

growth in diameter

Front 24

tap root

Back 24

the largest root

Front 25

fibrous root system

Back 25

numerous small roots develop and branch out

Front 26

adventitious root

Back 26

specialized roots that grow from stems and leaves

Front 27

root cap

Back 27

a protective cap that covers the apical meri stem

Front 28

root hair

Back 28

extentions of epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root and thus increase the roots ability to absorb water and mineral nutrients

Front 29

cortex

Back 29

located just inside the epidermis -- where roots mature

Front 30

endodermis

Back 30

the inner most cylinder of the cortex

Front 31

peri cycle

Back 31

the outer most layers of the central vascular tissues

Front 32

macronutrients

Back 32

minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium, that plants use in large amounts

Front 33

micronutrients

Back 33

minerals, such as magnesium, that are used in smaller amounts

Front 34

internode

Back 34

the segments of a stem

Front 35

node

Back 35

at each end of the internode

Front 36

bud

Back 36

the beginning of a flower

Front 37

bud scales

Back 37

the leaves that enclose the bud

Front 38

pith

Back 38

located in the center of the stem

Front 39

wood

Back 39

secondary xylem

Front 40

heartwood

Back 40

darker wood in the center of the tree

Front 41

sapwood

Back 41

the functional, often lighter colored wood near the outside of the trunk

Front 42

bark

Back 42

the protective outside covering of woody plants
consists of cork, cambium, and phloem

Front 43

springwood

Back 43

new xylem tissue that is formed in the spring

Front 44

summerwood

Back 44

the xylem that is produced in the summer

Front 45

annual ring

Back 45

a yearly growth ring in a woody plant

Front 46

source

Back 46

where the carbohydrates are stored

Front 47

sink

Back 47

where the carbs from the source move to

Front 48

translocation

Back 48

the movement of carbs through the plant

Front 49

pressure-flow hypothesis

Back 49

the theorem that explains movement in the phloem -- states that carbs are actively transported into sive tubes

Front 50

transpiration

Back 50

when water evaporates from the plant

Front 51

cohesion tension theory

Back 51

when water is pulled up the xylem by the strong attraction of water molecules to each other --- movement also depends on the rigid xylem walls and the attraction of the water to the walls, which is called adhesion

Front 52

blade

Back 52

flat portion of the leaf -- site of most photosynthesis

Front 53

petiole

Back 53

a stock-like structure that attaches the blade to the stem

Front 54

compound leaves

Back 54

the blade is divided into leaflets

Front 55

simple leaf

Back 55

it has a single blade

Front 56

leaflets

Back 56

mini leaves

Front 57

mesophyll

Back 57

a ground tissue that is composed of chloroplants and perenchyma cells
photosynthesis takes place here

Front 58

palisade mesophyll

Back 58

a layer that is right below the upper epidermis -- is the site of most photosynthesis

Front 59

spongy mesophyll

Back 59

beneath the palisade layer, it consists of irregularly shaped cells surrounded by long air spaces, which allow carbon dixodie and water to diffuse into and out of the leave

Front 60

veins

Back 60

tube-like structures that run throughout the leaf

Front 61

venation

Back 61

the arrangement of veins in a leaf

Front 62

guard cells

Back 62

modified cells bound on the leaf epidermis that regulate gas and water exchange