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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WOODROW WILSON |
• 28th POTUS; democrat; 1913-1921 • Easy win b/c of split in the Republican party b/t Taft and TR • progressive program = New Freedom and his foreign policy program = Moral Diplomacy. • president during WWI. • Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Federal Reserve Act, income taxes for the wealthy • Outlawed child labour • Tried to keep the U.S. out of WWI • Founder of League of Nations Results: Passed many reforms and delayed US involvement in Europe until the last minute * expanded gov't's regulatory powers over business and banking by passing liberal measures that were beneficial, especially when there was an upcoming war. |
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EUGENE V. DEBS |
• repped Socialist Party in 1908/1912 elections • founder of the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW, or "Wobblies") • adopted socialism after being jailed for the Pullman Strike. • called for more radical reforms (public ownership of Railroads & industries) * helped motivate American Left to oppose to corporations, politics and WWI. Tried to reach for the average working man building socialism w/o large state involvement. |
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PANCHO VILLA |
• Rival of President Venustiano Carranza of Mexico and well-known outlaw/freedom fighter during the Mexican Revolution • when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless w/ Emiliano Zapata. • Murdered 16 Americans in Jan of 1916 in Mexico and then killed 19 more 1 mo later in NM *drove a wedge b/t U.S and Mexican gov't. From a Mexican’s perspective the raids evoked Mexican pride that had not been felt since the Battle of the Alamo. Hostilities grew b/t Mexicans and Americans and today they are mostly not accepted here in the U.S. |
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LOUIS D. BRANDEIS |
• Attorney in Muller vs. Oregon (1908) • Reformer. Wrote book "Other People's Money and How Bankers use it" (1914) that showed problems w/ banking system and pushed reform w/in banks • nominated in 1916 by Woodrow Wilson for Supreme Court=> first jew * first Jew in the Supreme Court. He affirmed individual liberty and privacy and opposed unchecked gov'tal power by attacking the bank system. |
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CHARLES EVANS HUGHES |
• s. court justice who ran for President against Woodrow Wilson in the election of 1916 • Sec of State under Harding • Proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships at the Washington Conference * Democrats predicted that if he won the election, then the country would end up going to war. Consequently, even w/ the election of Wilson as president, WWI was inevitable for the nation to be involved in. |
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16th AMENDMENT |
• 1913 • part of the Progressive movement • passed b/c S. Court had declared that income= tax was unconstitutional • Stated that Congress has power to lay and collect income taxes * shifted the burden of taxes to the wealthy. |
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SEAMEN'S ACT |
• 1915 • decent wages, treatment, and food for merchant marines=> improved their security • prompted by sinking of the Titanic in 1912 (clearly illustrated lack of planning/concern shown by the major shipping companies) • set safety requirement and reduce penalties for disobedience. * the essential necessities of those in the merchant marine were acknowledged/fulfilled. These rights were going to be beneficial to sailors when we go into WWI. U.S. merchant marines used its neutral position to be dominant in the world carrying trade. |
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WORKINGMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT |
• 1916 • granted assistance of fed civil-service employees during periods of instability, but was invalidated by the S. Court. • compensation to fed civil service employees for wages lost due to job-related injuries. * precedent for "disability insurance" and the precursor to broad-coverage health insurance. |
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LUSITANIA |
• 1915: a British passenger ship carrying arms and ammunition= torpedoed and sunk by a German U-Boat (submarine) • 128 American casualties, and a total of 1,198 passengers and crew * Unrestricted submarine warfare led the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans. |
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NEW FREEDOM |
• Wilson/Democratic platform • reduced tariffs, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation • concentrated econ power threatened indiv liberty and monopolies had to be broken up so marketplace could become genuinely open • favored small enterprise, shunned social-welfare proposals. * Wilson's idea of New Freedom led to laws that sparked new ideas and new ways of thinking about business and gov't. It helped prepare them economically for WWI, which was about to happen. |
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UNDERWOOD TARIFF BILL |
• make up for losses in revenue caused by the previous low tariffs • introduced a graduated income tax. • Goes in hand w/ 16th Amendment. • levied on incomes over $3,000 * Marked one of the biggest econ reforms of the progressive era and later led to bigger and more influential taxes. We were able to solve our problem w/ tariffs. |
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FEDERAL RESERVE ACT |
• created new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts, each w/ own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money • controls the amount of money in circulation through reserves and interest rates. * First central banking system since 1836. Instrumental in allowing America to meet the econ challenges of WWI and emerge from the war as one of the world’s financial powers. |
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CLAYTON ACT |
• helped to control monopolies by lengthening the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were objectionable (interlocking directorates). • exempted labor and agri organizations from antitrust prosecution • Anti-trust, Pro-Union • Benefiting labor further was the legalization of peaceful strikes, picketing and boycotts. * Gave a voice to workers & that voice was protected to some extent. Their concerns can be expressed. Also furthers trust busting during this era. |
