Chapter 3 Cellular Form And Function

Front 1

Cells can only come from ______________

Back 1

pre-existing cells

Front 2

Squamous and example

Back 2

thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a bulge where the nucleus is, like a "fried egg" sunny side up

ex. esophagus lining

Front 3

Cuboidal and example

Back 3

squarish-looking in front tissue sections and about equal height and width

ex. liver cells

Front 4

Columnar and example

Back 4

distinctly taller than wide

ex. inner lining of the stomach and intestines

Front 5

Polygonal

Back 5

having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

Front 6

Stellate and example

Back 6

having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body, giving it a starlike shape

ex. body of many nerve cells

Front 7

Spheroidal or Ovoid and example

Back 7

round to oval

ex. egg cells and white blood cells

Front 8

Discoid and example

Back 8

disc-shaped

ex. red blood cells

Front 9

Fusiform and example

Back 9

spindle-shaped; elongated; with a thick middle and tapered ends

ex. smooth muscle cells

Front 10

Fibrous and example

Back 10

long, slender, and threadlike

ex. skeletal muscle cells and axons of nerve cells

Front 11

The cell is surrounded by a _________________

Back 11

plasma cell membrane

Front 12

the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Back 12

cytoplasm

Front 13

The side that faces the cytoplasm is the

Back 13

intracellular face

Front 14

The side that faces outward is the

Back 14

extracellular face

Front 15

In the bilayer which way do the hydrophilic phosphate-containing heads face?

Back 15

towards the water (outside)

Front 16

In the bilayer which way do the hydrophobic tails face?

Back 16

towards the center, avoiding the water

Front 17

Integral proteins

Back 17

penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or all the way through it

Front 18

Transmembrane proteins

Back 18

pass all the way through the phospholipid bilayer

Front 19

Peripheral Proteins

Back 19

do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer but adhere to one face of the membrane.

Front 20

Receptors are usually ________ for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme

Back 20

specific

Front 21

Receptors

Back 21

chemical signals bind to the surface proteins called receptors

Front 22

Second-messenger systems

Back 22

messenger binds to a surface receptor, may trigger changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm

Front 23

Enzymes

Back 23

Enzymes in the plasma membrane carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones/molecules whose job is done

Front 24

Channel Proteins

Back 24

passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane. Some are always open some have gates that determine when a solutes can pass based on 3 stimulis.

Front 25

ligand-gated channels respond to _____________

Back 25

chemical messengers

Front 26

voltage-gated channels respond to _______________

Back 26

changes in electrical potenetial across the plasma membrane

Front 27

mechanically gated channels respond to __________________

Back 27

physical stress on a cell such as stretch and pressure

Front 28

carriers

Back 28

transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane (also called pumps)

Front 29

Cell-identity markers

Back 29

acts like an identification tag that enables our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders

Front 30

Cell-adhesion molecules

Back 30

cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins called cell-adhesion molecules.

Front 31

glycocalyx

Back 31

fuzzy coat that allows the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells

Front 32

Microvilli

Back 32

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area, they are best developed in cells specialized for absorption (give it more area to absorb)

Front 33

Cilia

Back 33

hairlike process serve as an "antenna", beat within a saline layer at the cell surface

Front 34

Flagella (Flagellum)

Back 34

only one, the whip-like tail of a sperm

Front 35

filtration

Back 35

a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 36

Simple Diffusion

Back 36

net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of constant, spontaneous motion

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

net flow of water form one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other (water goes to the higher concentration of solutes)

Front 38

Hypotonic

Back 38

the side with a lower concentration of solutes (causes to swell)

Front 39

Hypertonic

Back 39

the side with a higher concentration of solutes (causes to crenate)

Front 40

isotonic

Back 40

the total concentration is equal on both sides (stays the same shape)