Chapter 40 Basic Principles Of Animal Form And Function

Front 1

1. Define anatomy.

Back 1

- study of body's form of an organism

Front 2

2. Define physiology.

Back 2

- study of body's functions of an organism

Front 3

3. What affect the way an organism interacts with its environment? How are body plans determined?

Back 3

a. size and shape of the animal
b. determined by the genome

Front 4

4. What constrains strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange? Give an example. What reflects different species' adaptations?

Back 4

a. physical laws constrain strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange
b. as an animal increase in size, their skeletons must be proportionally larger to support their mass.
c. evolutionary convergence reflects different species adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

Front 5

5. When, where, why, what, how exchange with the environment occur for an animal? What determine's rate of exchange and amount of exchange?

Back 5

a. when cells need nutrients, need to get rid of waste products and need gas exchange
b. happens across cell membranes
c. to get nutrients, get rid of waste products and gases must be exchanged
d. cell membranes allow diffusion or phagocytosis
e. diffusion and phagocytosis
f. rate of exchange is proportional to a cell's surface area
g. amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell's volume

Front 6

6. Define interstitial fluid and function.

Back 6

a. in vertebrates, fluid that fills the space between cells
b. allows for movement of material in and out of cells

Front 7

7. What is the benefit of a complex body plan?

Back 7

a. helps an animal live in variety of environmental condition yet have a relatively stable internal environement

Front 8

8. What is the hierarchical organization of body plans?

Back 8

- specialized cells organized into tissues, that have different functions
- tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems
-some organs may belong to several organ system

Front 9

9. Digestive system components and function

Back 9

a. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
b. food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, eliminiation)

Front 10

10. Circulatory system components and function

Back 10

a. heart, blood vessels, blood
b. internal distribution of materials

Front 11

11. Respiratory system components and function

Back 11

a. lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
b. gas exchange; O2 in, CO2 out

Front 12

12. Immune and lymphatic system components and function

Back 12

a. bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
b. body defense

Front 13

13. Excretory system components and function

Back 13

a. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
b. disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Front 14

14. Endocrine system components and function

Back 14

a. pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands
b. coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism).

Front 15

15. Reproductive system components and function

Back 15

a. ovaries or testes, and associated organs
b. reproduction

Front 16

16. Nervous system components and function

Back 16

a. brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
b. coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

Front 17

17. Integumentary system components and function

Back 17

a. skin and its derivatives
b. protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

Front 18

18. Skeletal system components and function

Back 18

a. bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
b. body support, protection of internal organs, movement

Front 19

19. Muscular system components and function

Back 19

a. skeletal muscles
b. locomotion and other movement

Front 20

20. What are tissues and what are the four main categories of tissuse?

Back 20

a. specialized group of cells that have different structures suited to their functions
b. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Front 21

21. Define epithelial tissue and its functions

Back 21

- a tissue that covers the outside of body and lines the organs and cavities inside of the body

Front 22

22. In what shape of cells and arrangement of cells can epithelial tissue have?

Back 22

a. cells maybe cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like refgrigerator), or squamous (like floor tiles)
b. arrangement of cells maybe simple (single cell layer), stratified (multiple tiers of cells), or pseudostratified (single layer of cells of varying length).

Front 23

23. Define connective tissue and its functions

Back 23

a. a tissue that mainly binds and supports other tissues and contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

Front 24

24. What does the connective tissue extracellular matrix consist of?

Back 24

a. fibers in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation

Front 25

25. What are connective tissue fiber are made off and what are the three types of connective tissue fibers and their functions?

Back 25

a. made of protein
b. collagenous, elastic, reticular
c. collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility, elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length and reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissue

Front 26

26. What are the two types of cells connective tissue contain and what are their functions?

Back 26

a. fibroblasts and macrophages
b. fibroblast secrete protein for the extracellular fibers and macrophages are involved in immune system response

Front 27

27. What are the six major types of connective tissue and their functions?

Back 27

a. Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
b. cartilage: strong and flexible support material
c. fibrous connective tissue: found in tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments, connect bones at joints
d. adipose tissue: stores fat for insulation and fuel
e. blood: composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
f. bone: mineralized and forms the skeleton

Front 28

28. Define muscle tissue and its function.

Back 28

a. tissue consisting of long cells called muscle fibers
b. contract in response to nerve signals

Front 29

29. What are the 3 types of muscle tissues and their functions?

Back 29

a. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
b. skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movement, smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary body activities, cardiac muscle responsible for contraction of the heart

Front 30

30. Define nervous tissue and its function.

Back 30

a. tissue that senses stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal

Front 31

31. What does nervous tissue contain and what are their functions?

Back 31

a. neuron that transmit signals
b. glial cells help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons

Front 32

32. How does body coordinate and control?

Back 32

a. through the use of endocrine system and nervous system

Front 33

33. How does endocrine system transmit chemical signals?

Back 33

a. endocrine system transmit a chemical signal called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood and the receptor cells respond
b. a hormone may affect one or more region throughout the body and are relatively slow acting but can last long time

Front 34

34. How does nervous system transmit information?

Back 34

a. Nervous system transmit information between specific locations and the information conveyed depends on a signal's pathway, not the type of signal
b. transmission is very fast
c. nerve impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells

Front 35

35. How do animals manage their internal environment?

Back 35

a. by regulating or conforming to the external environment

Front 36

36. What is a regulator and conformer?

Back 36

a. Regulator uses internal control mechanisms to keep things normal in the face of external environmental fluctuation
b. Conformer allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Front 37

37. What is homeostasis?

Back 37

- maintaining a steady state or internal balance

Front 38

38. What is mechanism of homeostasis?

Back 38

- for a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus; these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response and the response returns the variable to the set point
-maintained by negative feedback, where buildup of the end product shuts the system off

Front 39

39. How can alteration in homeostasis occur?

Back 39

a. set points and normal ranges can change with age or show cyclic variation
b. a circadian rhythm govern physiologic changes that occur roughly every 24 hour

Front 40

40. Acclimatization

Back 40

- when homeostasis adjust to changes in external environment

Front 41

41. What is thermoregulation?

Back 41

is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Front 42

42. Define endothermy and ectothermy.

Back 42

a. endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms
b. ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources;

Front 43

43. What are the 4 ways an organism exchange heat?

Back 43

a. radiation
b. evaporation
c. convection
d. conduction

Front 44

44. What system often involves heat regulation?

Back 44

- integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

Front 45

45. What are the 5 adaptations that help animal thermoregulate?

Back 45

B Behavioral response
I Insulation
C Circulatory adaptations
C Cooling by evaporative heat loss
A Adjusting metabolic heat production

Front 46

46. Insulation

Back 46

a. major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
b. skin, feathers, fur and blubber reduce heat flow between animal and environment
c. especially important in marine animals

Front 47

47. Circulatory Adapations

Back 47

a. regulation of blood flow near body surface
b. many endotherms and some ectotherms can alter the amount of blood flowing between the body core and the skin
c. vasodilation, blood flow increases
d. vasoconstriction, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
e. countercurrent exchange; fluids flowing opposite directions and reduce heat loss

Front 48

48. Cooling by evaporative heat loss

Back 48

a. evaporation of water from skin
b. sweating or bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool an animal down

Front 49

49. Behavioral Responses

Back 49

a. posture that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat

Front 50

50. Adjusting metabolic heat production

Back 50

- thermogenesis is the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
- thermogenesis is increased by muscle activity
-Nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
-some ectotherm can also shiver to increase body temperature

Front 51

51. Acclimatization of thermoregulation

Back 51

- when temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce, "antifreeze" compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells

Front 52

52. Physiologic thermostats and fever

Back 52

-thermoregulation is controlled by hypothalamus of the brain
-hypothalamus triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
-fever is the result of change to the set point for a biological thermostat

Front 53

53. What is bioenergetics and what does it determine?

Back 53

a. overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
b. determines how much food an animal needs and it relates to animal's size, activiity and environment

Front 54

54. Energy allocation and use

Back 54

a. animals harvest chemical energy from food and energy containing molecules from food are converted into ATP, which powers cellular work

b. after the needs of staying alive are met remaining food molecules are used in biosynthesis like body growth and repair, energy storage like fat and production of gametes

Front 55

55. What is the metabolic rate and how can it be determined?

Back 55

a. amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

b. can be determined by an animal's heat loss, and the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced

Front 56

56. What is BMR and SMR.

Back 56

a. BMR is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature

b. SMR is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at a specific temperature

Front 57

57. What influences metabolic rate?

Back 57

size and activity

Front 58

58. Size and metabollic rate

Back 58

- proportional to body mass to the power of three quarters (m^3/4)

- smaller animals have higher metabolic rate per gram than larger animals

- higher metabolic rate of smaller animals leads to a higher oxygen delivery rate, breathing rate, and greater blood volume, compared with a larger animal

Front 59

59. Activity and metabolic rate

Back 59

- the maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is inversely related to the duration of the activity

Front 60

60. Energy budgets

Back 60

- different species use energy and materials in food different ways, depending on their environment

- use of energy is partitioned to BMR or SMR, activity, thermoregulation, growth and reproduction

Front 61

61. Define torpor and hibernation

Back 61

a. physiologic state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases; enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

b. long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity