Chapter 3: Cells Part 1

Front 1

What is the most basic unit of any organism?

Back 1

The cell

Front 2

All living organisms are made up of what?

Back 2

One or more cells and all cells arise from other pre-existing cells.

Front 3

What is a cell?

Back 3

A three-dimensional structure, like a fluid-filled balloon, in wich many of the essential chemical reactions of life take place.

Front 4

Nearly all cells contain what?

Back 4

DNA

Front 5

What is cell theory?

Back 5

Cell theory is one of the unifying theories in biology, and one that is usually accepted by all biologists.

Front 6

What does cell theory state?

Back 6

1) all living organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2) All cells arise from other preexisting cells.

Front 7

Whats a eukaryotic cell?

Back 7

Has a central control structure called a nucleus which contains the cells DNA.

Front 8

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Back 8

Does not have a nucleus; its DNA simply resides in the middle of the cell.

Front 9

What is the basic structure of a prokaryote?

Back 9

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes, cell wall, capsule, flagellum

Front 10

What is a plasma membrane?

Back 10

Encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

Front 11

What is cytoplasm

Back 11

Jelly-like fluid inside cell

Front 12

What is DNA?

Back 12

One or more circular loops containing genetic information

Front 13

What are ribosomes?

Back 13

Granular bodies in the cytoplasm that convert genetic information into protein structure.

Front 14

What is a cell wall?

Back 14

Protects and gives shape to the cell.

Front 15

What is a capsule?

Back 15

Protective outer coating.

Front 16

Every cell on earth is either _______ or a _______ cell.

Back 16

Eukaryotic, prokaryotic

Front 17

What were the first cells on earth?

Back 17

Prokaryotes

Front 18

Prokaryotes are ______-______ organisms.

Back 18

Single celled

Front 19

What are prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) are characterized by what?

Back 19

Tremendous metabolic diversity.

Front 20

What do Eukaryotic cells have?

Back 20

Compartments with specialized functions called organelles.

Front 21

What is a typical eukaryotic cell feature?

Back 21

DNA contained in a nucleus, larger than prokaryotes-usually at least 10 times bigger, Cytoplasm contains specialized structures called organelles.

Front 22

What is a typical prokaryotic cell feature?

Back 22

No nucleus- DNA is in the cytoplasm, internal structures mostly not organized into compartments, much smaller than eukaryotes

Front 23

What are structures found in both the animal and plant cells.

Back 23

Nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, rough

Front 24

What are structured only found in animal cells?

Back 24

Centriole

Front 25

What are structures only found in plant cells?

Back 25

Chloroplast, Cell wall, Vacuole (occasionally found in animal cells)

Front 26

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

Back 26

Developed yo explain the presence of two organelles in the eukaryotes, chloroplasts in plants and algae, anf mitochondria in plants and animals.

Front 27

What is the 3 steps to endosymbiosis.

Back 27

1) Ancestral eukaryote engulfs prokaryote. 2) Ancestral eukaryote and prokaryote merge. 3) Over time, the engulfed prokaryote evolved into an organelle, such as a mitochondrion or a chloroplast.

Front 28

What are the 2 steps in invagination?

Back 28

1) Plasma membrane folds on itself. 2) inner compartments (organelles) are formed.

Front 29

The cells of eukaryotes often have organelles throughout their cytoplasm, which may have originated evolutionary through what?

Back 29

Endosmbiosis, invagination, or both

Front 30

What are the functions for the plasma membrane?

Back 30

Holds contents of cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, aids building and exporting molecules, allows interactions with the environment and neighboring cells.

Front 31

Plasma membranes are the "___________" of the cell.

Back 31

Gatekeepers

Front 32

What are the several functions that plasma membranes perform?

Back 32

Take in foor and nutrients, dispose of waste products, build and export molecules, regulate heat exchange, regulate flow of materials in and out of the cell.

Front 33

What is the phospholipid bilayer structure?

Back 33

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Front 34

What does a hydrophilic head (polar) do?

Back 34

Attracted to water, composed of a glycerol linked to a phosphorus-containing molecule.

Front 35

What does a Hydrophobic tail (nonpolar) do?

Back 35

Not attracted to water, composed of carbon-hydrogen chains.

Front 36

What is Extracellelar fluid? What is intracellular fluid?

Back 36

Fluid outside the cell, fluid inside the cell.

Front 37

What does the phospholipid bilayer make up?

Back 37

Plasma membrane

Front 38

Moleculesembedded within the plasma membrane do what?

Back 38

Help it perform its functions.

Front 39

What is a Receptor Protein?

Back 39

Bind to external chemicals in order to regulate processes within the cell.

Front 40

What are Carbohydrate chains?

Back 40

Provide a "fingerprint" for the cell, so it can be recognized by other cells.

Front 41

What are recognition proteins?

Back 41

Provide a "fingerprint" for the cell, so it can be recognized by other cells.

Front 42

What is cholesterol?

Back 42

Helps the membrane retain its flexibility.

Front 43

What is transport proteins?

Back 43

Provide a passageway for molecules to travel into and out of the cell.

Front 44

What are membrane enzymes?

Back 44

Accelerate intracellular and extracellular reactions on the plasma membrane.

Front 45

What does it mean when the plasma membrane has a "fluid mosaic"?

Back 45

In addition to proteins, two othe molecules are found in the plasma membrane: 1) short, branched carbohydrate chains, 2) Cholesterol

Front 46

What can disrupt normal cell functioning?

Back 46

When the cell membranes (particularly the proteins embedded within them) do not function properly.

Front 47

Cells being disrupted can cause what?

Back 47

health problems such as cystic fibrosis or have beneficial therapeutic effects, such as in the treatments of high blood pressure and anxiety.

Front 48

What happens when an improper fingerprint is recognized as foreign?

Back 48

It is attacked by the body's defences.

Front 49

What are the two types of passive transport?

Back 49

1) Diffusion, 2) osmosis

Front 50

What is passive transport?

Back 50

The spontaneous movement of molecules across a membrane.

Front 51

What is Diffusion?

Back 51

1) A solute is dropped into a solvent.2) the solute molecules move about randomly bumbing into each other. 3) The random motion of the solute causes them to end up evenly distributed.

Front 52

When does passive transport occur?

Back 52

When molecules move across a membrane without energy input. Molecules move down their concentration gradients.

Front 53

What is simple diffusion?

Back 53

Molecules pass direct through the plasma membrane without the assistance of another molecule.

Front 54

What is faciliated diffusion?

Back 54

Molecules move across the plasma membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule.

Front 55

Can all molecules get through plasma membranes on their own?

Back 55

Most molecuels cannot.

Front 56

What do carrier molecules do?

Back 56

Transport proteins

Front 57

Defects in transport proteins can what?

Back 57

Reduce or even bring faciliated diffusion to a complete stop, cause serious health consequences,

Front 58

What must cells aquire to function properly?

Back 58

Food molecules and/or other necessary materials from outside the cell.

Front 59

Metabolic waste molecules and molecules produced for use elsewhere must what?

Back 59

Move out of the cell.

Front 60

What is tonicity?

Back 60

The relative concentration of solutes outside of the cell relative to inside of the cell.

Front 61

What is Osmosis?

Back 61

A type of passive transport by which water diffuses across a membrane, in order to equalize the concentration of water inside and outside the cell. The direction of Osmosis is determined by the total amount of solutes on either side of the membrane.

Front 62

What is Osmosis?

Back 62

A type of passive transport by which water diffuses across a membrane, in order to equalize the concentration of water inside and outside the cell. The direction of Osmosis is determined by the total amount of solutes on either side of the membrane.

Front 63

What are the factors in an Isotonic solution?

Back 63

Solute concentrations are balanced, water movement is balanced.

Front 64

What are the factors in a hypotonic solution?

Back 64

Solute concentrations are lower in the extracellular fluid, water diffuses into cells.

Front 65

What are the factors in an hypertinic solution?

Back 65

Solute concentrations are higher in the extracellular fluid, water diffuses out of cells.

Front 66

How is the direction of osmosis determined?

Back 66

In total concentrarion of all the molecules dissolved in the water.

Front 67

In active transport, cells use energy for what?

Back 67

To move small molecules into and out of the cell.

Front 68

What are two distinct types of active transport?

Back 68

1) primary 2) secondary

Front 69

What is active transport?

Back 69

Active transport occurs when the movement of molecules into and out of a cell requires the input of energy.

Front 70

In secondary active transport what happens?

Back 70

The transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient.

Front 71

What is an indirect method that many transporter proteins use for fueling their activities?

Back 71

Secondary active transport.

Front 72

How is ATP used in Secondary Active Transport.

Back 72

Directly

Front 73

What is used for bulk transport of particles.

Back 73

Endocytosis and Endocytosis

Front 74

What are three types of endocytosis?

Back 74

1) Phagocytosis, 2) Pinocytosis, 3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 75

What happens in Phagocytosis?

Back 75

1) The plasma membrane forms a pocket-like vesicle around a large particle, 2) The particle is transported into the cell in a vesicle

Front 76

Definition for Pinocytosis:

Back 76

The process of cells taking in dissolved particles and liquid.

Front 77

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 77

Receptir-mediated endocytosis is a type of endocytosis by which cells engulf specific particles.

Front 78

What is exocytosis?

Back 78

The method by which cells export products for use in another location.

Front 79

What is the Exocytosis method?

Back 79

1) molecules are packaged in a vesicle within the cell. 2) The vesicles fuses with the cell's plasma membrane. 3) Vesicle contents are released for use throughout the body.

Front 80

When molecules cannot get into a cell via diffusion or a pump, cells can engulf the materials with their ______ ________ in a process called ___________.

Back 80

Plasma membrane, endocytosis

Front 81

Molecules that move out of a cell is called what?

Back 81

Exocytosis

Front 82

Connections between cells hold them in place and enable them to communicate with each other, involving what?

Back 82

Numerous types of protein and glycoprotein adhesion molecules.

Front 83

What are three primary connections between animal cells?

Back 83

Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

Front 84

What is a tight junction?

Back 84

Form a water-tight seal between cells, like caulking around a tub.

Front 85

What are desmosomes?

Back 85

Act like velcro and fasten cells together.

Front 86

Whatare Gap Junctions?

Back 86

Act like secret passageways and allow materials to pass btween cells.

Front 87

Where are most Desmosomes located?

Back 87

Much of the tissue-lining cavaties of animal bodies.

Front 88

In multicellular organisms, most cells are what?

Back 88

Connected to other cells.

Front 89

The connections in cells can what?

Back 89

1) Form a water-tight seal between the cells, 2) hold sheets of cells together while allowing fluid to pass between cells, 3) function like secret passageways between cells, allowing the movement to cytoplasm, molecules and other signals