Chapter 1: Introduction To Cells

Front 1

Cells are what?

Back 1

small membrane-enclosed units filled with a concnetrated aqueous soluiton of chemicals.

Front 2

Cells can create ___ of themselves by____ and ____ ?

Back 2

Cells can create copies of themselves by growing and dividing in two.

Front 3

living things exist as ____ or ____

Back 3

Living things exist as solitary cells or as communities of cells derived from grwoth and divsion of a sigle founder cell.

Front 4

What does cell biology address?

Back 4

Fundamental question of life.

Front 5

What are the fundamental question of life?

Back 5

1. What is life?
2. How did life areise on earth?
3. How did so many diverse forms of life arise and populate the earth?
4.How do we, and othe rmulticellusar oranisms, develop from a single cell?
5.Why do we get sick, grow old, die?

Front 6

Cells vary enormously in ___ and ___?

Back 6

In appearance and function.

Front 7

The discoveries of ___ gives us a clearer view of life?

Back 7

molecular biology.

Front 8

What is the definition of life?

Back 8

The discoveries of molecular biolgoy give us a clearer view of life: all living things chare a fundamental chemical machinery for grwoth and reproduction.

Front 9

All living cells have a similar fundamental chemistry, what is it?

Back 9

1. DNA synthesis (replication)
2. RNA synthesis (transcription)
3. Protein synthesis (translation)

Front 10

All present-day cells must have evolved form a common ancestor. What is it and how long has it estimated to have lived from?

Back 10

LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

Estimated to have lived 3.5-3.8 billion years ago.

Front 11

LUCA estimate is basted on what?

Back 11

Based on comparing DNA seequences of organism alive today.

Front 12

What is a descripiton of LUCA?

Back 12

1.Must have been a cell with DNA as the information repository,
2.Must have had the same basic machinery to replicate DNA and to translate DNA sequence into protein as all orgainisms have today.

Front 13

What allows for the generation of diversity among living things?

Back 13

the abilityof DNA sequences to code for an immense variety of proteins, which adapt different confromations.

Front 14

How do cells reproduce?

Back 14

By duplicating their DNA and dividing in two.

DoubleD

Front 15

When copying of DNA is not perfect what happens?

Back 15

1. Mutations arise that change the DNA sequence

2. Daughter cells therefore don't exactly match the parent cell.

Front 16

What 3 characteristics do mutations possess?

Back 16

1.Most are deleterious
2.Some are neutral
3.Few imporve reproduction ofthe resulting organism.

The next generation may therefore include more individuals with the mutation.

Front 17

Mutation and natural selection lead to what?

Back 17

diversity and adaptation

Front 18

Who discovered cells and by what?

Back 18

Robert Hooke (1665)

by microscopyof thin slices of cork

Front 19

What did early microscopy showed?

Back 19

That new cells form by division of existing cells.

Front 20

The Cell Theory

Back 20

1. All cells arise from preexisiting cells

-first proposed by Schwann, Schleiden and others in 1830's (used animal and plant tissues)

-Louis Pasteur confirmed this theroy in 1860's

Front 21

The Law of Biogenesis:

Back 21

Omne vivum ex vivo

all life [is] from life

Front 22

Who tested this assumption using a flask and declared it a dream?

Back 22

Pasteur's used a flask to test spontaneous generation.

Front 23

What can microscopy reveal?

Back 23

the internal structures of cells.
-up to organells and molecules

Front 24

What can not be viewed by microscopy?

Back 24

atoms

Front 25

Light microscopy allows us to see structures larger ____?

Back 25

than 0.2 um (200 nm)

Front 26

Electron microscopy is used for____?

Back 26

Higher magnification (shows structures larger than .2 nm - 200 nm)

Front 27

What are the two major types of organisms ?

Back 27

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Front 28

Major difference btwn prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 28

Eukaryoes have a nucleus

Front 29

Description of (all) Prokaryotes

Back 29

1. Small
2. Can reproduce quickly
3. Most are single celled
4. incredibly diverse

Front 30

Description of (diverse) Prokaryotes

Back 30

1. Enorous range of habitats
2. Some are aerobic other are ananerobes
3.Different pro- use diff. organic material as food
4. some can live entirely on inorganic materials

Front 31

Def. Aerobic

Back 31

use oxygen to brek down food molecules

Front 32

Anaerobes

Back 32

poisoned by oxygen.

Front 33

What is Anabanena cylindirica

Back 33

a photosyntheic bacterium that forms long multcelular filaments

Front 34

What does Anabaena c. 3 differnent cells do?

Back 34

1. fixes nitrogen
2. fixes Co2 (through photosynthesis)
3. one becomes a spore.

Front 35

A bacterium gets energy by doing what?

Back 35

by oxidizing H2S to produce sulfur.

Front 36

What are the two classes (domains) of prokaryotes?

Back 36

bacteria & archaea

Front 37

How are bacteria and archaea differnt form each other? How are they same

Back 37

chemically differnet
bot live in everyday enviroments (archaea can live in extreme)

Front 38

Differenent shapes and sizes of bacteria

Back 38

spherical
rod-shpedcells
spiralcells

most few microns (um) in diameter

Front 39

Description of (all) Eurkaryotic cell

Back 39

1. all euckaryotes have a nucleus
2. All have mitochondria & other compartments
3. Internal membranes create cellular compartments
4. The cytosol: aqueous gel
5. They cytoskeleton: networks of fibers.

Front 40

What are 4 examples of cellular compartments created by internal membranes?

Back 40

1.ER
2.Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
4. peroxisomes.

Front 41

Description of (diverse) Eukaryotic cell

Back 41

1.Plants and algae are eukaryotic cells taht have chloroplasts
2. Many organisms are multicellulsar

Front 42

A example of a single celled eukaryote

Back 42

Saccharomyces cervisiae

Front 43

What unique characteristic does the eukaryotic cell nucleus have?

Back 43

2 cooncentric membranes with DNA enclosed inside.

Front 44

What happens during cell divsion in eukaryotic cells?

Back 44

DNA becomes compacted and thus visible

Front 45

What is the fuction mitochondria?

Back 45

-Organelles in which food molecules are oxidized to produce ATP

Front 46

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

Back 46

-have an outer membrane and an extensively folded inner membrane.

Front 47

"Nucleus first" theory

Back 47

Theory on the orgin of mitochondria.

1. Ancestral eucaryotic cell containing a nucleus and internal membranes enculfed a bacterium.
2. Bacterium develops into mitochondira

Front 48

"Mitochondria first" theroy

Back 48

Theroy on the orgin of eukaryotes.
-eukaryotic nucleus marked a seminal evolutionary transition
-the nuclear envelops fuction was to allow mRNA splicing to go to completion
-compeltion of splicign allwos translation to occur only on mRNA with intact reading frames.
-fast spread of introns forced nucleus -cytosol compartmentalization.

Front 49

What is the fuction of the chloroplast?

Back 49

to capture enery from sunlight to do photosynthesis

Front 50

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

Back 50

1.chrlophyll containing membranes
2. inner membrane
3. outer membrane

Front 51

Evolution of chloroplast?

Back 51

Chlroplasts eveolved from engulfed bacteria
1. Early eucaryotic cell (with mitochondria) engulf a photsytheic bacterium which forms into chloroplasts.

Front 52

rough ER

Back 52

a membrane network studded with ribosomes

Front 53

Gogli apparatus

Back 53

stacks fo flattened discs

Front 54

Lysosomes

Back 54

sites of intracellular digestion

Front 55

Peroxisomes

Back 55

isolate reactions with hydrogen peroxide

Front 56

Fuction of plasma membrane

Back 56

plasma membrane allows for continuous import and export of materials

Front 57

Cytoplasm

Back 57

stuffed with organells and large and small moleules (proteins polyscaharisdes)


everything in the cell except the nucleus


1. part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane.
2. made of water up to 80% nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids, non-organic ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lightweight molecular compounds.
3.large scale cellular activities including glycolis, cell division and other metabolic paths take place in the cytoplasm.

Front 58

Cytosol

Back 58

1.Cytosol is the intra-cellular fluid that is present inside the cells.
2.comprises of a lot of water, dissolved ions, large water soluble molecules, smaller minute molecules and proteins
3.all the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place.

soluble portion of the cytoplasm

Front 59

Cytoskeleton

Back 59

a network of filaments inside the cell
-actin
-microtubuels
-intermediate filaments

Front 60

Microtubules

Back 60

help to distribue chromosome sin a dividing cell

Front 61

What did eukaryotes may have resembled before engulfing bacteria?

Back 61

protozoa

Front 62

What are protozoans

Back 62

single celled orgnism that have among them the most complex cell architectures and diversity of function known

Front 63

What are 6 methods to study cells

Back 63

1. microscopy
2. cell fractionation
3. biochemistry
4. X-ray chrystallography
5. gentic analysis and molecular geneics using model orgnaisms
6. gneome comparisons

Front 64

Model eukaryote

Back 64

S. cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)

Front 65

model plant for genetic analysis

Back 65

Arabidopsis thaliana

Front 66

Similar mutaionis in ____gene cause similar phenotypes in people and ___?

Back 66

kit gene
mice

Front 67

What is an excellent model system for studying cell division?

Back 67

Yeast