Chapter 28 Reproductive System

Front 1

Name the male accessory glands and what they contribute to semen
What's the purpose?

Back 1

Seminal vesicles - fructose
Prostate gland - alkalein substance
Bulbourethral glands -mucous
protect sperm in the female

Front 2

What is the main fxn/goal of the reproductive system?

Back 2

To make gametes
male makes sperm - haploid (23 chromosomes)
female makes eggs - haploid (23 chromosomes)
which will fuse together to create a diploid cell (zygote)

Front 3

What is critical for ejaculation to occur

Back 3

erection

Front 4

what are the two types of secretion of the testes and the products?

Back 4

endocrine = testosterone
exocrine = sperm

Front 5

What occurs in the epididymis

Back 5

sperm fully matures

Front 6

where is sperm created?

Back 6

the seminiforous tubules of the testes

Front 7

where is testosterone created?

Back 7

the interstitial or leydig cells of the testes

Front 8

define and describe cryptorchidism

Back 8

Failure of of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum
Prevents normal sperm development

Front 9

why is the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule important?

Back 9

b/c it keeps body fluid from entering the tubule so sperm are protected from antibodies in plasma

Front 10

Back 10

Front 11

what are sperm called in their first stage of development?

Back 11

spermatogonia (singular = spermatozoa)

Front 12

what are sperm called in their second stage of development and how are they formed?

Back 12

primary spermatocytes are formed by mitotic division of the spermatogonia

Front 13

what are sperm called in their third stage of development and how are they formed?

Back 13

secondary sermatocytes are formed by the first division of meiosis of the primary spermatocytes

Front 14

what are sperm called in their fourth stage of development and how are they formed?

Back 14

spermatids are formed by the second division of meiosis of the secondary spermatocytes

Front 15

describe the development of the spermatid

Back 15

Spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum while being nourised by the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule

Front 16

what and where are sertoli cells

Back 16

cells that nourish the sperm cells and form a blood-testis barrier and produce hormones
in the seminiferous tubules

Front 17

What are the three steps in spermatogenesis?

Back 17

1. Mitotic division - of the spermatogonia to produce two primary spermatocytes which are diploid daughter cells
2. 1st meiotic division of primary spermatocytes to form two haploid daughter cells called 2ndary spermatocytes
3. 2nd meiotic division - of the secondary spermatocytes to form two haploid spermatids

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Front 19

define mitosis

Back 19

on diploid cell (2n) divides to form two identical diploid daughter cells

Front 20

define meiosis

Back 20

one diploid (2n) mother cells divides into two haploid cells (1n + 1n)

Front 21

why is the 3rd step of spermatogenesis not really meiosis?

Back 21

because the secondary haploid daughter cells divide to form two identical haploid daughter cells. (really is mitosis)

Front 22

describe the path of sperm once it laves the testes?

Back 22

1. epididymis
2. Vas deferens - passes into abdominal cavity through this
3. urethra

Front 23

describe the penis

Back 23

Three columns of erectile tissue that engorge with blood
Corpora cavernosa (2)
Corpus spongiosum (1)

Front 24

what percentage of semen to the various accessory glands contribute

Back 24

Seminal vesicles Produce about 60% of semen
Prostate gland Produces about 30% of semen
Bulbourethral glands Contribute about 5% to semen

Front 25

what is the purpose of the various accessory glands secretions?

Back 25

seminal vesicle contributes fructose for sperm energy source
prostate gland produces alkaline sub to buffer sperm against female repro tract
bulbourethral gland contrubutes mucous to keep sperm grouped together to increase viability

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Front 27

what is emission

Back 27

Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra

Front 28

testosterone is regulated through _________ feedback
describe

Back 28

negative
increase testosterone in the blood will decrease the stim hormones: GnRH in the hypothalamus and LH in the anterior pituitary

Front 29

what are the three roles of testosterone?

Back 29

1. Negative feedback loop to regulate it's own production
2. Causes and maintains secondary sex characteristics
3. works with Sertoli cells to cause and maintain spermatogenesis

Front 30

describe male sex hormone secretion regulation

Back 30

Hypothalamus releases
GnRH which stimulates:
LH and FSH to be released from anterior pituitary:
LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to release testosterone
FSH stimulates the growth of sertoli cells to nourish increased sperm cells

Front 31

what are the three structures involved in testosterone regulation?

Back 31

1. hypothalamus - regulates the anterior pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary - regulates the testes
3. testes - regulates anterior pit and hypothalamus through testosterone production

Front 32

what is the difference between before puberty and after puberty?

Back 32

before puberty there's no GnRH (small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH)
During puberty testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH,LH, and testosterone
which causes secondary sex characteristics of puberty

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Front 34

Give 5 ways male and female are different in reproduction

Back 34

1. in fem you see both + and - feedback, in males only see negative
2. in males, sex hormone production occurs constantly , in fem, it occurs cyclically
3. fem will eventually stop producing sex H, but male will produce throughout life
4. Both have erectile tissue, men have more, longer
5. fems have separate urinary and reproductive tracts, males merge

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Front 36

Describe the steps for how and erection occurs

Back 36

In the neuron, nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide which easily travels into the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels
In the muscle cell, NO activates guanylate cyclase, which causes the production of cGMP, the second messenger, which indirectly causes the relaxation of smooth muscle, causing vasodilation

Front 37

what is the most basal layer of the uterus? Its purpose?

Back 37

the perimetrium - secretes lubricant to prevent friction with other organs and structures

Front 38

what hormone is responsible for follicle maturation in females?

Back 38

FSH

Front 39

List the stages of follicle maturation in females

Back 39

1.primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. secondary follicle
4. mature (Graafian) follicle

Front 40

describe the primordial follicle

Back 40

contains the oocyte (gamete) surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells which produce estrogen, but only a little b/c there are so few.

Front 41

describe the primary follicle

Back 41

the zona pellucida develops, which is a protective barrier around the gamete, as well as an increase number of granulosa cells develop

Front 42

describe the secondary follicle

Back 42

fluid filled vescicles develope in the midsts of the granulosa cells, which have increased in number again

Front 43

describe the mature (Graafian) follicle

Back 43

all of the fluid-filled vescicles fuse together forming a large "antrum" with the oocyte pushed off to the side. The antrum is THE characteristic of the mature follicle.

Front 44

Describe ovulation

Back 44

the follicle ejects the oocyte along with the corona radiata - which are granulosa cells which remain around the oocyte

Front 45

Describe what happens to the follicle after ovulation

Back 45

the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells and grows larger in response to LH
Corpus luteum releases P4

Front 46

describe what the corpus albicans is

Back 46

its the remaining dead corpus luteum cells - no more P4 released

Front 47

what is oogenesis?

Back 47

Oogenesis is the production of a secondary oocyte in ovaries

Front 48

what are oogonia?

Back 48

Oogonia are cells from which oocytes develop

Front 49

describe primary oocytes

Back 49

Primary oocytes are surround by granulosa cells and called a primordial follicle

Front 50

when does a primordial follicle become a primary follicle?

Back 50

Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle when oocyte enlarges and cells change

Front 51

how does a primary oocyte become a secondary oocyte?

Back 51

Primary oocyte completes first meiotic division to produce secondary oocyte and a polar body

Front 52

describe the vagina

describe the clitoris

Back 52

much more elastic than the uterus

erectile structure with corpora cavernosa

Front 53

The secondary oocyte fully matures and undergoes _______ division after ________________

Back 53

meiotic division

sperm unites with the secondary oocyte

Front 54

describe the acrosome

Back 54

it is what's responsible for species specific fertilization - key in lock only species of like kind can fertilize the egg

penetrates the egg by joining with the zona pellucida

Front 55

what are the three layers of the uterus?

Back 55

Perimetrium: Serous membrane
Myometrium: Smooth muscle
Endometrium: Mucous membrane

Front 56

how is milk expressed from mammae?

Back 56

lobes release milk into lactiferous sinusus, then into lactiferous ducts in the nipple

Front 57

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Back 57

Menses
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menses

Front 58

define amenorrhea

menarch

Back 58

abnormal absence of menstrual cycle

1st period

Front 59

describe menopause

Back 59

Cessation of menstrual cycles
Normal - occurs in healthy women
E2 and P4 are no longer produced by the ovaries

Front 60

Describe the follicular phase

Back 60

occurs in the ovaries from day 0 to day 14
hypothalamus releases GnRH which increases FSH release from ant. pit.
FSH stimulates the growth of the follicle, and E2 release from the follicles in ovaries increases as the follicles grow

Front 61

Describe the proliferative phase

Back 61

Occurs in the endometrium of the uterus, from Day 0 to Day 14
As more E2 is released from follicle the endometrium thickens (proliferates)

Front 62

describe the luteal phase

Back 62

occurs in the ovaries from day 14 thru 28
In response to LH secretion from ant. pit., the corpus luteum grows and produces P4

Front 63

describe the secretory phase

Back 63

occurs in the uterus, in response to increased P4, the endometrium continues to thicken and develop secretory glands

Front 64

in the female, when does negative feedback occur in sex hormone regulation?
describe

Back 64

During the follicular phase
If e2 gets too high, then GnRH decreases.
If P4 gets too high, then GnRH and LH decrease

Front 65

When does positive feedback occur in sex hormone regulation?
describe

Back 65

During Ovulation
E2 gradually increases during the follicular phase due to increased LH secretion and the increased E2 secretion positively influences more LH to be secreted, thus more E2 is secreted, until it reaches a threshold level where it triggers ovulation

Front 66

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Front 67

Describe the negative feedback in the luteal phase

Back 67

GnRH increases LH which stimulates corpus luteum growth, which then produces more and more P4. If P4 gets too high, it shuts down LH and GnRH, which causes the corpus luteum to die

Front 68

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Front 69

what causes menses?

Back 69

The increased levels of P4 negatively affect production of GnRH and LH, which in turn cause the corpus luteum to die and stop producing P4. Without P4, the endometrial lining can't be sustained and it is sluffed off during menses.

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Front 71

Why is it important that E2 increases gradually in the proliferative phase?

Back 71

critical b/c it allows the timing of the cycle to continue. If it increased very fast, you'd never get to the positive feedback point of ovulation

Front 72

why is there no menses during pregnancy?

Back 72

the placenta releases HCG which replaces LH's function in maintaining the corpus luteum, so P4 continues to be released and the lining remains in tact

Front 73

describe two differences btw male and female gametes

Back 73

Oocyte can be fertilized up to 24 hours after ovulation
Sperm cells can be viable for up to 6 days in female tract

sperm is fully mature upon release vs. egg which is not fully matured until after fertilization

Front 74

where does fertilization typically occur?

Back 74

in the ampulla of the uterine tube

Front 75

describe hormonal changes in the first trimester,

Back 75

HCG secreted from the placenta takes the place of LH, which maintains the corpus luteum, allowing ovary to continue to secrete E2 and P4, which maintains endometrium and extends secretory phase

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Front 77

describe hormonal changes in the third trimester,

Back 77

very little HCG is produced by the placenta, no hormones are being produced by the ovary now, and the placenta takes over producing E2 and P4

Front 78

name some hormonal similarities and differences between male and female

Back 78

Similar: both have GnRH, FSH, and LH

Different: females have E2 and P4, males have testosterone

Front 79

Describe P4 levels in relationship to E2 levels throughout pregnancy

Back 79

P4 is higher than E2 all throughout pregnancy except right before delivery when an increase in E2 over P4 triggers labor