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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy
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the science of describing, naming, and classifying extant organisms as well as extinct organisms.
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Extant
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organisms that still exist today.
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Systematics
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the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extant and extinct.
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Phylogenetic Trees
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diagrams that portray the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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Taxon
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each group at any level.
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Kingdom
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taxonomic group that was originally the highest.
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Domain
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the current highest taxon. There are three: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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Supergroups
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taxon between domain and kingdom in the taxonomy of eukaryotes.
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Phyla
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taxon under kingdom.
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Classes
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taxon under phyla.
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Orders
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taxon under class.
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Families
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taxon under order
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Genera
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taxon under family.
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Binomial Nomenclature
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the standard method for naming a species, its genus name and its unique specific epithet, the genus name is capitalized, and the specific epithet is not, both are italicized and in Latin.
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
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Anagenesis
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a single species evolves into a different species.
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Cladogenesis
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a species diverges into two or more species.
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Nodes
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the branch points in the phylogenetic tree that illustrate when cladogenesis occurred.
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Clade
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a common ancestral species and all of its descendent species.
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Monophyletic Group
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a taxon that is a clade.
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Paraphyletic Group
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a group containing a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
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Polyphyletic Group
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a group that consists of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancestor of the included lineages.
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Homology
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similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.
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Molecular Systematics
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analysis of genetic data, such as DNA and amino acid sequences, to identify and study genetic homologies and propose phylogenetic trees.
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Cladistics
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the classification of species based on evolutionary relationships.
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Cladograms
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phylogenetic trees.
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Character States
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different forms of characters.
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Shared Primitive Character/Symplesiomorphy
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a character that is shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor.
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Shared Derived Character/Synapomorphy
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a character that is shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common ancestor.
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Ingroup
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the group in the phylogenetic tree whose evolutionary relationships we wish to understand.
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Outgroup
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a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species in the ingroup.
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Principle of Parsimony
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the preferred hypothesis in a phylogenetic tree is the one that is the simplest for all character in their states.
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Maximum Likelihood
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the approach to phylogenetic tree hypothesis testing that asks the question: What is the probability that an evolutionary model and a proposed phylogenetic tree would give rise to the observed data?
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Bayesian Methods
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the approach to phylogenetic tree hypothesis testing that asks the question: What is the probability that a particular phylogenetic tree is correct given the observed data and a particular evolutionary model?
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Molecular Clock
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the idea that from an evolutionary point of view, neutral mutations occur at a relatively constant rate, and thus can be used to measure evolutionary time.
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
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the process by which an organisms incorporates genetic material form another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
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