Chapter 23 Alterations Of The Reproductive System

Front 1

In girls, starting at what age would it be indicative that delayed puberty is taking place?

Back 1

13

(secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by this age)

Front 2

In boys, starting at what age would it be indicative that delayed puberty is taking place?

Back 2

14

(secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by this age

Front 3

What is 95% of the reason for delayed puberty?

Back 3

it is a constitutional delay

Front 4

What is 5% of the reason for delayed puberty?

Back 4

A disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis

Front 5

What kind of puberty alteration is this?

-Sexual maturation before age 6 in black girls and age 7 in white girls?

Back 5

Precocious Puberty

Front 6

What kind of puberty alteration is this?

-sexual maturation before age 9 in boys

Back 6

Precocious Puberty

Front 7

What kind of puberty alteration is this?

Has 3 forms, isosexual, heterosexual and incomplete

Back 7

Precocious Puberty

Front 8

Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include the developement of the proper secondary sex characteristics before age 8 or 9?

Back 8

Isosexual precocious puberty

Front 9

Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include early breast developement or pubic hair growth but no further development

Back 9

Incomplete Precocious Puberty

Front 10

Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include the developement of the some proper and some improper secondary sex characteristics?

Back 10

Heterosexual Precocious Puberty

Front 11

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles?

Back 11

Primary dysmenorrhea

(painful periods!)

(related to the duration and amount of menstrual flow)

Front 12

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology

Back 12

Secondary dysmenorrhea

(Not due to prostoglandins)
(Can occur at any time in the menstrual cycle)

Front 13

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

- Can occur at any time in the menstrual cycle

Back 13

Secondary dysmenorrhea

(Not due to prostoglandins)
(Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology)

Front 14

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

- Failed of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 14

Back 14

Primary amenorrhea

Front 15

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-Absence of menstruation for 6 months in women who have previously menstruated

Back 15

Secondary Amenorrhea

(have been cycling before)
(pregnancy causes this)
(Diet, exercise, lactation are causes)

Front 16

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

- menstrual irregularity and/or dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 16

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Front 17

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte)
- Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries

Back 17

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

(leading cause of infertility in the US)
(Affects 5-10% of women)
(Multifactorial, hyperinsulinism is linked)
(Dysfunctional of follicle developement)

Front 18

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte)
- Leading cause of infertility in the US
- Affects 5-10% of women
- Multifactorial, hyperinsulinism is linked)

Back 18

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte)
- Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries

Front 19

What is the leading cause of infertility in the US?

Back 19

Polycystic ovarian syndrom

Front 20

What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?

-Cyclic physical, psychological or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities

Back 20

Premenstrual Syndrom (PMS)

Front 21

What phase does PMS usually occur?

Back 21

In the luteal (postovulatory) phase

(has abnormal nervous, immunological, vascular and GI tissue response to the normal menstrual cycle

Front 22

What is salpingitis?

Back 22

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

(a form of pelvic inflammatory Disease)
(PID)

Front 23

What is Oophoritis?

Back 23

Inflammation of the ovaries

(a form of pelvic inflammatory Disease)
(PID)

Front 24

How is PID caused?

Back 24

Acute inflmmatory disease caused by infection

Front 25

In PID cases, where might sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina?

Back 25

From the vagina to the upper genital tract

Front 26

What is a polymicrobial infection?

Back 26

An infection that comes from mixed bacterial populations (more than one strand of bacteria)

(Common in PID!)

Front 27

What is Vaginitis?

Back 27

infection of the vagina, by sexual transmission of a pathogen called Candida albicans

Front 28

How does the vagina normally prevent the infection of Candida Albicans, that causes vaginitis?

Back 28

The vagina is acidic by nature, and it provides some protection
(Which is maintained by cervical secretions and normal flora)

Front 29

Candida Ablicans is a pathogen that causes what kind of infection?

Back 29

Vaginitis

Front 30

Mucopurulent (MPC) exudate would be indicative of what kind of infection?

Back 30

Cervicitis

Front 31

What is the condition called that is inflammation of the female external genitalia?

Back 31

Vulvitis

(caused by contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygienic sprays, shaving, menstrual pads, perfumed toilet paper, tight fitting clothes)

Front 32

True or False

Tight fitting clothes can cause a vulvitis

Back 32

True

(caused by contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygienic sprays, shaving, menstrual pads, perfumed toilet paper, tight fitting clothes)

Front 33

Vaginal infections that spread to the labia can cause what kind of infection?

Back 33

Vulvitis

Front 34

What is the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles?

Back 34

They support the bladder, urethra, and rectum

(lose tone and strength with aging)

Front 35

What is a Uterine Prolapse

Back 35

It is falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal
position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal
(due to weakness of pelvic musculature and ligaments)
(linked to child birth)

Front 36

What is a rectocele?

Back 36

The region between the rectum and vagina bulges toward the vagina, resulting in a sense of pressure or protrusion within the vagina
-difficulty passing stool and painful sex are symptoms

Front 37

What is cystocele

Back 37

The muscle between a woman's bladder and vagina weakens and allows the bladder to descend into the vagina
- urine leaking and incomplete emptying of bladder are signs

Front 38

What is a dermoid cyst?

Back 38

A benign tumor resulting from congenital malformation of the overy

- therefore it comes from overian tissue
- can contain diverse types of tissues because they have totipoten cells, can make toenails in cysts

Front 39

What are some different benign ovarian cysts you can find?

Back 39

Unilateral cyst - one side
Follicular cysts - results from the growth of a follicle (doesnt rupture to release egg)
Corpus Luteum Cyst - busted follicle fills with fluid and blood
Dermoid cyst - contains diverse types of tissues, comes from ovaries

Front 40

Which is fluid filled, cyst or a fibroid?

Back 40

Cyst!

A fibroid is more solid on the inside

Front 41

What type of benign growth has the following characteristic?

-has one of the 4 kinds of cysts?

Back 41

Benign Ovarian Cysts

Front 42

What type of benign growth has the following characteristic?

- Benign mass of endometrial tissue?

Back 42

Endometrial polyps

(premenstrual, intermenstrual, and excessive bleding can occur)
(Malignancy is rare)

Front 43

What are leiomyomas?

Back 43

-benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium (in uterus).

(also called uterine fibrioids)
(caused by abnormal bleeding, pain and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures)

Front 44

What causes leiomyomas?

Back 44

Abnormal bleeding, pain and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures

Front 45

What is Adenomyosis

Back 45

Islands of endometrial glands surrounded by benign endometrial stroma within the myometrium

(endometrial cells migrate into the myometrial layer)

Front 46

What is endometriosis?

Back 46

Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus

(the tissue lining the uterus is found outside the uterus, resulting in pain and infertility

Front 47

What are some causes for endometriosis

Back 47

- retrograde mestruation
- depressed T cells tolerate ectopic tissue

Front 48

What would cause a urethral stricture?

Back 48

Scarring would cause the narrowing

Front 49

What is urethritis usually caused by? What is its unusual cause?

Back 49

-Usually caused by sexually transmitted diseases

- nonsexual origins can be due to urologic procedures, insertion of foreign objects and anatomical abnormalities

Front 50

What is phimosis?

Back 50

the foreskin of the penis of an uncircumsized male cannot be fully retracted

(cannot retract from the glans of the penis, which is distal to proximal)

Front 51

What is Paraphimosis?

Back 51

Inability to replace or cover the glans with the forskin (proximal to distal)

Front 52

What is usually the cause of foreskin problems such as phimosis or paraphimosis?

Back 52

Poor hygiene or chronic infections

Front 53

What disorder is called "Bent nail syndrome?"

Back 53

Peyronie disease

(Slow developement of fibrous plaques (thickening) in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing a lateral curvature of the penis during erection
(Occurs in middle-aged men and causes painful erections and intercouse)

Front 54

In peyronie disease, where do the fibrous plaues develop?

Back 54

in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa

Front 55

What is priapism?

Back 55

Prolonged penile erection

Front 56

Carcinoma of the penis is _______?

Back 56

Carcinoma of the penis is RARE!!

(mostly just squamous cell carinomas)

Front 57

What is varicocele?

Back 57

Inflamation/dialation of veins in the spermatic cord

(varacose veins in the scrotum)
(Caused by inadequate or absent valves in spermatic veins)

Front 58

What is Hydrocele?

Back 58

Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

(fluid retained inbetween membranes)
(cause by imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorption)

Front 59

What is spermatocele?

Back 59

A painless dilation of the epididymis

Front 60

What is Cryptorchidism?

Back 60

Failure of one or more of the testes to decend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

Front 61

What is Ectopic Testis?

Back 61

Testis that has strayed from the normal pathway of decent

(testis in the wrong place, goes into leg sometimes)

Front 62

What is torsion of the testis?

Back 62

- Rotation of the testies
- Causes twisting of blood vessels in the spermatic cord.
- Results in painful and swollen testis

Front 63

What is gynecomastia?

Back 63

- Overdevelopment of the breast tissue in a male

Results from hormone alterations

Front 64

At what age is male breast cancer commonly seen?

Back 64

After age 60
-Tumors resemble carcinomas of the breast in women
-Crusting and nipple discharge are common clinical manifestations

Front 65

If a male has crusting and nipple discharge, what is his likely condition?

Back 65

Male Breast Cancer

Especially if he is older than 60!!

Front 66

What is glactorrhea?

Back 66

Persistent and sometimes excessive secretion of milk fluid from the breasts of a woman who is not pregnant or nursing
(can also happen in men)
(women with this experience menstrual abnormalities)

Front 67

What hormone usually decreases prolactin secretion?

Back 67

Dopamine!

If dopamine decreases then prolactin secretion will increase!

Front 68

What are risk factors for a prostate cancer?

Back 68

- Increase in Androgenic Hormones
- Vasectomy
- High fat diet

Front 69

What are the two kinds of prostate gland disorders?

Back 69

- Benign Prostate hyperplasia
- Cancer of the Prostate (95% of prostate neoplasms are adenocarcinomas and demonstrate peripheral zone growth)

Front 70

Which prostate disorder has 95% are adenocarcinomas and demonstrate peripheral zone growth?

Back 70

Cancer of the Prostate

Front 71

Prostatic cancer is (symptomatic/asymptomatic)

Back 71

Asymptomatic

Front 72

What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Back 72

Enlargement of the prostate gland

(different from cancer growing on the gland)

Front 73

What Scrotum, testis or epididymis disorder is common in sexually active young men?

Back 73

Epididymitis

(inflammation of the epididymis)
(the pathogenic microorganism reaches the epididymis by ascending the vas deferens)

Front 74

What is orchitis?

Back 74

- Acute inflammation of the testis
- Complication of a systemic disease or related to epididymitis

Front 75

When is cancer of the testis most common?

Back 75

Common in men between ages 15 and 35

(Causes painless testicular enlargement)