Chapter 20 - The Lymphatic System

Front 1

The Lymphatic System consists of two semi-individual parts; what are they?

Back 1

1. A network of lymphatic vessels
2. Lymphoid tissues and organs scattered throughout the body

Front 2

What two things does the lymphatic system return back to the blood?

Back 2

interstitial fluid
leaked plasma proteins

Front 3

What is lymph?

Back 3

interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

Front 4

Lymphatic vessels are a one-way stystem and flow towards _________.

Back 4

the heart

Front 5

Lymph vessels include~

Back 5

1. Microscopic, permeable, blind-ended capillaries
2. Lymphatic collecting vessels
3. Trunks and ducts

Front 6

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries, with what modifications?

Back 6

1. very permeable
2. loosely joined endothelial minivalves
3. withstand interstitial pressure and remain open

Front 7

The minivalves function as one-way gates that~
1.
2.

Back 7

1. Allow interstitial fluid to enter lymph capillaries
2. Do not allow lymph to escape from the capillaries

Front 8

What allows the interstitial fluid to enter lymph capillaries?

Back 8

Minivalves

Front 9

What does not allow lymph to escape from the capillaries?

Back 9

Minivalves

Front 10

Microscopic, permeable, blind-ended capillaries, lymphatic conducting vessels, trunks and ducts are all _________.

Back 10

Lymph vessels

Front 11

During inflammation, lymph capillaries can absorb~
1.
2.
3.

Back 11

Cell debris
Pathogens
Cancer cells

Front 12

What is the function of the cells in the lymph nodes

Back 12

They cleanse and examine debris

Front 13

What are the special lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa called?

Back 13

Lacteals

Front 14

This absorbs digested fat and delivers chyle to the blood~

Back 14

Lacteals

Front 15

What are lacteals?

Back 15

Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa.

Front 16

Lymphatic collecting vessels have the same three tunics as veins. Name them~

Back 16

tunica interna (intima), tunica media, and tunica externa (adventitia)

Front 17

Lymphatic collecting vessels have the same tunics as veins, however they have _____ walls with more _____ ______.

Back 17

thinner
internal valves

Front 18

The collecting vessels in the skin travel with _____ _____.

Back 18

superficial veins

Front 19

Deep vessels travel with _____.

Back 19

arteries

Front 20

Nutrients are supplied from ____ ___ ____.

Back 20

branching vasa vasorum

Front 21

Lymphatic trunks are formed by the union of the _____ ____ ____.

Back 21

largest collecting ducts

Front 22

By the union of the largest collecting ducts, ____ _____ are formed.

Back 22

Lymphatic trunks

Front 23

Name the major trunks~

Back 23

Paired lumbar
bronchomediastinal
subclavian
jugular trunks
A single intestinal trunk

Front 24

paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks, along with a single intestinal trunk are known as ____ ____.

Back 24

Major trunks

Front 25

Lymph is delivered into _________________.

Back 25

one of the two large trunks.

Front 26

This lymphatic duct drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

Back 26

The right lymphatic duct

Front 27

This lymphatic duct arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the entire body except for the right side of head and thorax.

Back 27

Thoractic duct

Front 28

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Back 28

The right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

Front 29

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Back 29

it arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the entire body except the right side of the head and thorax.

Front 30

What does the lymphatic system lack?

Back 30

A pumping organ

Front 31

Lymph vessels are ___-____ conduits.

Back 31

low-pressure

Front 32

The lymph transport propels lymph by
1.
2.

Back 32

1. pulsations of nearby arteries
2. Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics

Front 33

What are the main cells involved in the immune response?

Back 33

Lymphocytes

Front 34

The two main varieties of lymphocytes associated with immune response?

Back 34

T cells
B cells

Front 35

T cells and B cells protect the body against ____.

Back 35

antigens

Front 36

Anything the body perceives as foreign is an ______.

Back 36

antigen

Front 37

Forms of antigens include~

Back 37

bacteria and their toxins
viruses
mismatched RBC's or cancer cells

Front 38

This lymphocyte manages the immune response and will attack and destroy foreign cells~

Back 38

T- cells

Front 39

This lymphocyte produces plasma cells, which secrete anitbodies and also their antibodies immobilize antigens~

Back 39

B -cells

Front 40

What will phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

Back 40

Macrophages

Front 41

Name the spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrohages

Back 41

Dendritic cells

Front 42

Name the fibroblast - like cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs

Back 42

Reticular cells

Front 43

What type of tissue is scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ?

Back 43

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Front 44

Where do the larger collections appear on the diffuse lymphatic tissues?

Back 44

lamina propria of mucous membranes and lymphoid tissue

Front 45

These are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tighly packed reticular elements and cells.

Back 45

Lymphatic follicles (nodules)

Front 46

The germinal center of the lymphatic follicles are composed of _______ and _______.

Back 46

dendritic and B cells

Front 47

Lymphatic follicles are found in _____ and as part of ______________.

Back 47

isolation
part of larger lymphoid organs

Front 48

These are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels?

Back 48

Lymph nodes

Front 49

Where are lymph nodes located?

Back 49

embedded in connective tissue and clstered along lymphatic vessels

Front 50

What are the principal lymphoid organs of the body?

Back 50

lymph nodes

Front 51

Where do aggregation of lymph nodes occur?

Back 51

near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body

Front 52

Aggreation of ____________ occurs near the body surface in inguinal, axillary and cervical regions of the body.

Back 52

lymph nodes

Front 53

What are the two basic functions of lymph nodes?

Back 53

1. filtration
2. immune system activation

Front 54

Macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris is known as ________.

Back 54

filtration

Front 55

Monitoring for antigens and mounting attacks against them is known as?

Back 55

Immune system activation

Front 56

What are lymph nodes surrounded by?

Back 56

fibrous capsule

Front 57

This extends inward from the capsule and is divides the node into compartments?

Back 57

Trabeculae

Front 58

What are the two histologically distinct regions of a lymph node?

Back 58

cortex & medulla

Front 59

What contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells?

Back 59

cortex

Front 60

What cells nearly encapsulate the follicles?

Back 60

Dendritic cells

Front 61

What houses T cells in transit?

Back 61

deep cortex

Front 62

What cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream?

Back 62

T cells

Front 63

What extends from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells and plasma cells?

Back 63

Medullary cords

Front 64

Throughout the node are lymph sinuses crisscrossed by _________.

Back 64

reticular fibers

Front 65

What resides on the reticular fibers that phagocytize foreign matter?

Back 65

macrophages

Front 66

Lymph enters circulation via ____________.

Back 66

afferent lymphatic vessels

Front 67

Circulation of the Lymph nodes~

Back 67

1. Lymph enters via afferent lymphatic vessels
2. It then enters a large subcapsular sinus and travels into smaller sinuses
3. It meanders through these sinuses and exits the node at the hilus via efferent vessels
4. Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node
5. This allows lymphocytes and macrophages time to carry out protective functions.

Front 68

Name 3 lymphoid organs.

Back 68

spleen
thymus gland
tonsils

Front 69

What two things are scattered in connective tissue of lymphoid organs.

Back 69

Peyer's patches and bits of lymphatic tissue

Front 70

Lymphoid organs are composed of what type of tissue?

Back 70

reticular connective tissue

Front 71

Only lymph nodes filter ____.

Back 71

lymph

Front 72

This is the largest lymphoid organ.

Back 72

Spleen

Front 73

Where is the spleen located?

Back 73

on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm

Front 74

What artery and vein service the spleen?

Back 74

splenic artery and vein

Front 75

What location does the splenic artery and vein exit on the spleen?

Back 75

Hilus

Front 76

These are funtions of what organ?
1. Site of lymphocyte proliferation
2. Immune surveillance and response
3. Cleanses the blood

Back 76

Spleen

Front 77

What are the functions of the spleen?

Back 77

1. Site of lymphocyte proliferation
2. Immune surveillance and response
3. Cleanses the blood

Front 78

Where is the site of fetal erythrocyte production?

Back 78

spleen

Front 79

What organ stores blood platelets?

Back 79

spleen

Front 80

This organ stores breakdown products of RBC's for later reuse.

Back 80

spleen

Front 81

This salvages and stores iron for later use by bone marrow.

Back 81

spleen macrophages

Front 82

This is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, it has trabeculae that extend inward and contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes.

Back 82

structure of the spleen

Front 83

What are the two disctinct areas of the spleen?

Back 83

White pulp & Red pulp

Front 84

What is contained in the white pulp?

Back 84

mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions.

Front 85

What is contained in the red pulp?

Back 85

remaining splenic fluid contained with disposing of worn-out RBS's and bloodborne pathogens

Front 86

This organ secretes hormones (thymosin & thymopoietin that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

Back 86

Thymus

Front 87

The size of the thymus varies with ____.

Back 87

age

Front 88

The thymus increases in size and is most active during ______.

Back 88

childhood

Front 89

The thymus stops growing during _______ and then gradually ________.

Back 89

adolescence
atrophies

Front 90

Where is the thymus located in an infant?

Back 90

in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart.

Front 91

What two things do the thymic lobes contain?

Back 91

outer cortex and inner medulla

Front 92

What thymus containes densley packed _________ and ________.

Back 92

lymphocytes and macrophages

Front 93

The medulla in the thymus containes fewer _______ and ______(Hassall's) corpuscles.

Back 93

lymphocytes
thymic corpuscles

Front 94

What is the simplist lymphoid organ?

Back 94

tonsils

Front 95

The tonsils form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the ____.

Back 95

pharynx

Front 96

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Back 96

either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity

Front 97

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

Back 97

they lie at the base of the tongue

Front 98

Where is the laryngeal tonsil located?

Back 98

posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Front 99

Where is the tubal tonsils located?

Back 99

they surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.

Front 100

Which lymphoid organ contains follicles with germinal centers?

Back 100

tonsils

Front 101

Tonsil masses are not fully _________.

Back 101

encapsulated

Front 102

What tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming blind-ended crypts?

Back 102

Epithelial

Front 103

What is the functions of crypts?

Back 103

They trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter.

Front 104

What traps and destroys bacteria and particulate matter?

Back 104

crypts

Front 105

What are peyer's patches?

Back 105

They are isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similiar to tonsils.

Front 106

What are the isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similiar to tonsils?

Back 106

peyer's patches

Front 107

Where are payer's patches located?

Back 107

1. in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
2. similiar structures are found in the appendix

Front 108

What is the function of the peyer's patches and the appendix?

Back 108

1. destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
2. Generate "memory" lymphocytes for long-term immuntiy

Front 109

What generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term immunity?

Back 109

peyer's patches and the appendix

Front 110

What does MALT stand for?

Back 110

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Front 111

Where are MALT located?

Back 111

1. Peyer's patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract)
2. Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)

Front 112

What is located in the peyer's patches, tonsils, appendix (digestive tract), lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)?

Back 112

MALT

Front 113

What is the function of MALT?

Back 113

it protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter.

Front 114

What protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter?

Back 114

MALT