Chapter 19 Blood Vessels

Front 1

3 Tunics of blood vessel wall

Back 1

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica externa

Front 2

Simple squamous enodthelium continuous with endocardium

Back 2

Tunica intima (interna)

Front 3

Lines ventricles and covers valves

Back 3

endocardium

Front 4

True or false

it is important for tunica intima to have a smooth friction free surface.

Back 4

True

Front 5

Mostly circular smooth muscle with sympathetic innervation

Back 5

Tunica media

Front 6

do veins or arteris have a thicker tunica media

Back 6

arteries

Front 7

The amount of blood output depends on the ___________ or _________ of the tunica __________.

Back 7

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Media

Front 8

Outermost CT layer that structurally supports the wall. It keeps things in place like netting (2 names)

Back 8

Tunica externa (adventitia)

Front 9

Do veins or arteries have more tunica externa?

Back 9

Veins

Front 10

opening where blood flows

Back 10

Lumen

Front 11

________ of total blood volume is in the venus system

Back 11

2/3

Front 12

Transport blood away from the heart

Back 12

arteries

Front 13

2 kinds of arteries

Back 13

Elastic

Muscular

Front 14

Arteries with the thickest walls, largest diameter, close to heart

Back 14

Elastic arteries

Front 15

why are elastic arteries called conducting arteries

Back 15

because they conduct blood to the muscular arteries

Front 16

Examples of elastic arteries

Back 16

aorta, pulmonary trunk + major branches

Front 17

Arteries with more elastic CT and less smooth muscle

Back 17

Elastic arteries

Front 18

True or False

elastic recoil allows pressure to remain constant

Back 18

True

Front 19

Has more smooth muscle in T media than elastic arteries

Back 19

Muscular arteries

Front 20

muscular arteries are also known as....

Back 20

distributing arteries

Front 21

Arteries that control blood flow to organs

Back 21

distributing arteries

Front 22

2 Examples of distributing arteries

Back 22

Renal, superior mesenteric

Front 23

smallest of arteries

Back 23

arterioles

Front 24

vessels right before capillaries

Back 24

arterioles

Front 25

do arterioles have the same three tunics as other arteries?

Back 25

yes

Front 26

Smallest of blood vessels

Back 26

capillaries

Front 27

Capillaries only have the tunica _________.

Back 27

Intima

Front 28

5 tissues that don't have capillaries

Back 28

tendons

cartilage

ligamants

cornea

sclera

Front 29

2 types of capillaries

Back 29

continuous

fenestrated

Front 30

cells of endothelium joined by tight junctions found in vessels of the skin and muscle

Back 30

continous capillaries

Front 31

Windowed capillaries found in areas of high absorption/filtration such as the intestines and the kidneys

Back 31

fenestrated

Front 32

encloses entrance to capillary bed regulating the amount of blood flow to capillary beds

Back 32

pre-capillary sphincter

Front 33

when would it be good for the pre-capillary sphincter to close?

Back 33

during a fight/flight response

Front 34

shunt that bypasses the capillary bed

Back 34

thoroughfare channel

Front 35

the vascular shut is made up of what two channels

Back 35

metarteriole

Thoroughfare channel

Front 36

Vascular shunt on the arteriole side

Back 36

Metarteriole

Front 37

Vascular shunt on venule side

Back 37

Thoroughfare channel

Front 38

The venous system has _______ walls compared to arteries

Back 38

thin

Front 39

The smallest of veins at the exit of the capillary bed

Back 39

venules

Front 40

thinner walls but larger lumen than arteries

Back 40

Veins

Front 41

______ % of blood volume is in the venous system at any time

Back 41

65

Front 42

Veins are designed to withstand high or low pressure

Back 42

low

Front 43

what keeps veins flowing in only one direction?

Back 43

semilunar like valves

Front 44

which tunica is the heaviest in veins

Back 44

tunica externa

Front 45

Which tunica is the smallest in veins

Back 45

tunica media

Front 46

more than one pathway through an area

Back 46

vascular anastomoses

Front 47

collateral channels feeding an area just incase one becomes clogged

Back 47

arterial anastomose

Front 48

thoroughfare channels (metarteriole) between arteriol and venule

Back 48

Arteriovenous anastomoses

Front 49

very extensive with a big lumen so rarely blocked pathway through an area with

Back 49

Venous anastomoses

Front 50

the blood volume flowing through any area (perfusion)

Back 50

blood flow

Front 51

force exerted against inner walls (expressed in mm Hg)

Back 51

Blood pressure

Front 52

opposition to flow - slowing of flow

Back 52

peripheral resistance

Front 53

three things that effect peripheral resistance

Back 53

viscosity

vessel length

Diameter

Front 54

how does viscosity effect peripheral resistance

Back 54

an increase in viscosity will lead to an increase in peripheral resistance

Front 55

How does vessel length effect peripheral resistance

Back 55

to increase length slows the flow of blood as it goes therefore increasing peripheral resistance

Front 56

how does the diameter of vessel effect the peripheral resistance

Back 56

a decrease in diameter will result in increasing P.R.

Front 57

What regulates the diameter of a vessel

Back 57

sympathetic N.S.

Front 58

Systolic blood pressure occurs during _____________ ____________

Back 58

ventricular systole

Front 59

What is it called when blood is moving into the arteriol system via the aorta

Back 59

ventricular systole

Front 60

average systolic BP

Back 60

120 mm hg

Front 61

_______ ______ is measured during ventricular diastole

Back 61

Diastolic BP

Front 62

Semilunars are still closed but blood is still flowing in the arteriole system because of residual pressure (ballooning of the aorta)

Back 62

Diastolic BP

Front 63

what is the average Diastolic BP

Back 63

70-80 mm hg

Front 64

Formula for pulse pressure

Back 64

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

ex 40=120-80

Front 65

measure of average blood flow moving thru the arterial system (how fast blood moves thru the system)

Back 65

Mean arterial pressure

Front 66

Formula for Mean arterial pressure

Back 66

MAP=diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

MAP = 80 + 1/3(40)

MAP = 93 mm hg

Front 67

When measuring MAP the further from the heart the _______ the number

Back 67

lower

Front 68

what is the measurement of capillary blood pressure

Back 68

25mm Hg at the arteriole end and 15 mm Hg at the venule end

Front 69

what is the measurement of venous blood pressure

Back 69

15mm Hg dropping to 0 mm Hg at the right atrium

Front 70

2 factor aiding venous return

Back 70

Respiratory pump

Muscular pump

Front 71

inhaling will squeeze abdominal veins increasing intrabdominal pressure milking blood back to the heart - vacuum in thorax sucks blood back to the heart

Back 71

respiratory pump

Front 72

Skeletal muscle squeezes veins milking blood back to the heart

Back 72

muscular pump

Front 73

3 factors affecting blood pressure

Back 73

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

Blood volume

Front 74

an increase in cardia output (pumping faster) will cause a/n _________ in blood pressure

Back 74

increase

Front 75

an increase in peripheral resistance (decrease in BV diameter) will __________ blood pressure

Back 75

increase

Front 76

Double the radius of BV will ________ peripheral resistance or ___________ blood flow by 16x

Back 76

decrease

increase

Front 77

Increasing blood volume will ______________ blood pressure

Back 77

increase

Front 78

how does salt effect BP?

Back 78

increase

Front 79

why does salt increase BP

Back 79

because salt cause you to retain water increasing blood volume

Front 80

Regulating blood pressure is done by....

Back 80

Changing arteriole (smallest but most numerous arteries) diameter to alter blood distribution and maintain sufficient blood pressure

Front 81

5 Nervous system controls for regulating BP

Back 81

Vasomotor center

Vasomotor fibers

Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Higher brain centers

Front 82

The ________ ___________ releases a constant stream impulses to make vasoconstriction happen

Back 82

medulla oblongata

Front 83

Constant partial arteriole vasoconstriction

Back 83

Vasomotor tone

Front 84

Sympathetic efferents that innervate arteriole tunica media smooth muscle

Back 84

Vasomotor fibers (neurons)

Front 85

Vasomotor fibers release __________ causing constriction

Back 85

nor epi

Front 86

mechanoreceptor located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus

Back 86

Baroreceptors

Front 87

Responds to mechanical deformation

Back 87

Baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors)

Front 88

located in the carotid and aorta, respond to O2 and CO2/pH

Back 88

Chemoreceptors

Front 89

Controls sympathetic (fight/flight) impulses to medulla oblongata

Back 89

hypothalamus

Front 90

3 hormonal controls regulating BP

Back 90

Adrenal medulla hormones

Angiotensin II

Atrial natriuretuc peptide (ANP)

Front 91

2 types of adrenal medulla hormones

Back 91

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Front 92

adrenal hormone that causes vasoconstriction

Back 92

nor epi

Front 93

adrenal hormone that causes vasoconstriction (except in skeletal muscle blood vessels )

Back 93

Epi

Front 94

Adrenal hormone that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor which also cause release of aldosterone and ADH

Back 94

Angiotensin II

Front 95

Causes kidneys to retain sodium and water

Back 95

aldosterone

Front 96

posterior pituitary hormone that causes kidneys to reatain H20

Back 96

antidiuretic hormone

Front 97

hormone diuretic that causes decrease fluid volume (Na+ and H2O) leading to decrease in BP

Back 97

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Front 98

Do hormones have a short or longterm effect on regulating BP

Back 98

short term - mainly control ventilation not vessels

Front 99

Longterm effect on regulating BP

Back 99

Renal (kidney) control

Front 100

Direct renal control of BP

Back 100

retain or lose fluid to control BP by controlling urine output

Front 101

Indirect renal control of BP

Back 101

hormonal mechanism

Front 102

Causes alsoterone and ADH release

Back 102

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 103

Kidneys release ____________ ultimately cause the formation of angiotensin II

Back 103

renin

Front 104

Blood flow:

_____% to brain

_____% to heart

_____% to kidneys

_____% to digestive

_____% to Skeletal muscel

Back 104

13

4

20

24

20

Front 105

Velocity of blood flow is

fastest in _______

slowest in __________

and speeds up in _______

Back 105

aorta

capillaries

veins

Front 106

Velocity is inversely related to total ______-______ _______

Back 106

cross-sectional area

Front 107

when is velocity of blood flow the fastest

Back 107

in area of least total area

Front 108

area of:

Aorta

Capillaries

IVC

Back 108

2.5 cm2

2500 cm2

8cm2

Front 109

list in order of fastest to slowest blood velocity

Aorta

Capillaries

IVC

Back 109

aorta

IVC

Capillaries

Front 110

Local regulation of blood flow

Back 110

autoregulation

Front 111

organs control their own arteriols to increase or decrease blood blow via autoregulation using speialized control due to local conditions like ________ _______ and ______.

Back 111

CO2

O2

nutrients

Front 112

blood flow in ________ ________ varies with activity level

Back 112

skeletal muscle

Front 113

at rest ______% of capillaries are open

Nor epi keeps _______% closed

Back 113

25

75

Front 114

Blood flow increases in response to local O2 CO2 and metabolic concentrations causing autoregulation to override sympathetic NS

Back 114

Exercise hyperemia

Front 115

do not tolerate low O2 levels

Back 115

neurons in the brain

Front 116

possesses the most precise autoregulatory system in the body

Back 116

brain

Front 117

the most important stimulus for autoregulation

Back 117

carbon dioxide

Front 118

the ________ has extensive anastomoses for efficient heat control

Back 118

skin

Front 119

__________ stimulation cause vasoconstriction in skin

Back 119

sympathetic

Front 120

in the _______ arteries and arterioles are similar to veins of the rest of the body

Back 120

lungs

Front 121

Pulmonary pressure is __/___

Back 121

25/10

Front 122

contracting ventricles compress coronary BV therefore flow stops to the ________ during ventricular ___________.

Back 122

heart

systole

Front 123

the heart has a large amount of ___________ to allow for O2 storage

Back 123

myoglobin

Front 124

an _________ in CO2 causes and _________ in vasodilation

Back 124

increase

increase

Front 125

blood flow through capillaries

Back 125

Capillary dynamics

Front 126

Gas and nutrient exchange happens by _________.

Back 126

diffusion

Front 127

In capillary dynamics fluid moves in what 2 ways?

Back 127

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmotic pressure

Front 128

filtration pressure... pushing pressure. Blood pressure filters fluid from high to low pressure

Back 128

Hydrostatic pressure

Front 129

Based on where particles are due to presence of non diffusible solutes

Back 129

Osmotic pressure

Front 130

water is pulled toward the area with the highest or lowest osmotic pressure?

Back 130

highest

Front 131

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 131

called filtation pressure... pushing fluid from capillary to interstitial area

Front 132

what is capillary HP at arteriole end?

Back 132

25 mm Hg

Front 133

How much is Hp at venule end?

Back 133

15 mm Hg

Front 134

how much is interstitial HP?

Back 134

-5 (pulling like vacuum)

Front 135

formula for net hydrostatic pressure

Back 135

CHP - IHP

Front 136

Net hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end

Back 136

25- (-5) = 30 mm Hg

Front 137

Net hydrostatic pressure at venule end

Back 137

15 - (-5) = 20 mm Hg

Front 138

how much is capillary osmotic pressure

Back 138

25 mm Hg at both ends

Front 139

how much is interstitial osmotic pressure

Back 139

3 mm Hg both ends of capillary

Front 140

what is the formula for net osmotic pressure

Back 140

capillary osmotic pressure - interstitial osmotic pressure

25 - 3 = 22

Front 141

Formula for the direction of fluid movements

Back 141

Net HP - Net OP

(CHP - IHP) - (COP - IOP)

Front 142

Direction of fluid moving at arteriol end of capillary

Back 142

(25 - (-5)) - (25-3) = 8 mm Hg net

Fluid moving out

Front 143

Direction of fluid moving at venule end of capillary

Back 143

(15-(-5)) - (25-3) = -2 mm Hg

Fluid moving in