Chapter 19 Blood Vessels

Front 1

blood vessels

Back 1

form a closed system

Front 2

3 major types of blood vessels

Back 2

artery, capillary, veins

Front 3

artery

Back 3

carries blood AWAY from the heart
example: Pulmonary arteries carry O2 poor blood to lungs, aorta and branches carry blood from heart throughout body

Front 4

capillary

Back 4

exchange nutrients and waste
Ex. Capillary beds of all body tissues and capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs

Front 5

veins

Back 5

carry blood TOWARDS the heart
Ex. Pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs to heart, superior/inferior vena cavae are veins

Front 6

tunica intima

Back 6

lines lumen wall, intimately touches lumen, simple squamous epithelial layer, forms smooth layer (decrease friction)

Front 7

tunica media

Back 7

thickest layer, smooth muscle and elastin connective tissue, vasoconstrict or vasodialate, regulated by vasomotor nerve from ANS, blood pressure and circulation

Front 8

tunica externa

Back 8

outermost layer, loose collagen connective tissue, nerves and lymph vessels, vasa vasorum- vessels of the vessels, protect and reinforce vessels, anchor to surrounding vessels

Front 9

lumen

Back 9

blood containing space

Front 10

arterial system

Back 10

heart->elastic arteries->muscular arteries->arterioles->terminal arteriole->metarteriole->precapillary spinchter->capillaries

Front 11

venous system

Back 11

venous system: heart->large veins->capacitance vessels->small veins->postcapillary venule->thoroughfare channel->capillaries

Front 12

arteriovenous anastomosis

Back 12

where vascular channels unite, they form interconnections
meta-arteriole thoroughfare channels shunts off capillary beds that connect arterioles and venules

Front 13

lympatic system

Back 13

lymphatic system: large veins->large lymphatic vessels->lymph node->lympatic system->lympatic capillaries->sinusoids

Front 14

Vascular Anastomoses

Back 14

“coming together” a network of streams that both branch out and reconnect so blood can get to where it is going

Front 15

arterial anastomoses

Back 15

alternate pathways (collateral channels) for adequate blood supply to get to body region

Front 16

venous anastomoses

Back 16

more common

Front 17

anastomoses common in

Back 17

joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart,

Front 18

anastomoses NOT common in

what happens if cut?

Back 18

retina, kidneys, spleen

if main path is cut, cells of that organ have no suppply and cells die

Front 19

Elastic Arteries

Back 19

thick walled arteries
near heart, aorta, and branches
large lumen in diameter
low resistance to flow
conducting artieries
elastin in all three tunics, most elastin of any vessel type (most elastin in tunica media)
lots of smooth muscle but no vasoconstriction
regulates pressure (expands and recoils with pressure changes)

Front 20

decreased elastin in arteries. what happens?

Back 20

hardening of the arteries: arteriosclerosis

Front 21

Muscular Arteries

Back 21

deliver blood to body organs
thick tunica media (mostly smooth muscle)
vasoconstricts- elastic lamina present in tunica media

Front 22

Arterioles

Back 22

smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary beds with neural, hormonal, chemical

Front 23

capillaries

Back 23

smallest blood vessels
walls: thin tunica interna, once cell thick
allow only single RBC to pass at a time
periytes on ourter surface stabilize capillary walls

Front 24

3 types of capillaries

Back 24

continous, fenestrated, sinusoids

Front 25

continuous capillaries

Back 25

abundant in skin and muscles
skin and muscles
Endothelial cells provide uninterrupted lining
Adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions
Intercellular clefts allow the passage of fluids

Front 26

continuous capillaries in brain

Back 26

unique
tight junctions completley around endothelium
thick basal lamina
constitute teh blood brain barrier: protective mechanism that helps maintain stable enviornment for brain
least permeable, most common

Front 27

Fenestrated capillaries

Back 27

Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs (e.g., small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
receive nutrients from food in small intestine and endocrine system and kidney allows quick absorption of hormones in blood
endothelium riddled with pores (fenestrations)
Greater permeability than other capillaries
Pores increase permeability

Front 28

Sinusoidal capillaries

Back 28

most permeable
Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens
Found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs
Allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues
Irregularly shaped lumen, decrease in tight junctions, increase in larger intercellular clefts, allows blood cells thru huge pores

Front 29

capillary beds

Back 29

Blood flow is regulated by vasomotor nerves and local chemical conditions btwn capillary and vein
a microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries, consisting of vascular shunts

Front 30

microcirculations

Back 30

artery to vein

Front 31

vascular shunts

Back 31

meta-arteriole (between arteriole and capillary) thoroughfare cahnnel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule

Front 32

postcapillary venule

Back 32

function: drain capillary bed

Front 33

terminal arteriole

Back 33

feeds blood to capillary bed

Front 34

true capillary

Back 34

10 to 100 per capillary bed, capillaries branch off the metarteriole and return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed

Front 35

two types of vessels

Back 35

vascular shunt: short vessel that directly conncets arteriole and veins at opposite ends of bed
true capillary: exchange vessel

Front 36

venous capillaries

Back 36

formed when capillary beds unite
extremely orous
fluids and WBC's pass thru wall from interstitial space easily

Front 37

postcapillary venules

Back 37

smallest venules, composed of endothelium and a few pericytes

Front 38

large venules

Back 38

have one or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)

Front 39

veins are

Back 39

Formed when venules converge
Composed of three tunics:
tunica intima
thin tunica media
thick tunica externa: collagen fibers and elastic networks
Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply
thin wall, thick lume
accomodate large blood volume which decreases BP in veins

Front 40

vein valves

how do they wor?

Back 40

veins have 1 way vales toward vena cava (toward heart)
: prevent blood flow from flowing backwards, most abundant in lower limbs, fighting gravity, not in abdomen or thoracic

Front 41

how do we get varicose veins?

Back 41

Hydrostatic pressure/gravity pushes blood downwards. The downward pressure of vessels when obese/pregnant restrict blood return to heart, blood pools in lower limbs, vein walls stretch and become floppy- we get varicose veins
Veins are tortured and dilated b/c mostly leaky valves in lower limbs and b/c genetics, standing in 1 position for a long time, obesity, pregnancy

Front 42

blood flow

Back 42

volume of blood flowing thru a vessel, relatively constant, aka cardiac output

Front 43

blood pressure

Back 43

force exerted per unit area on a vessel wall (mm Hg), arterial pressure, pressure differences or gradient
PRESSURE IN VESSELS systemic arterial blood pressure in largest arteries near heart

Front 44

Blood pressure vs. systolic/diastolic pressure

Back 44

systolic/diastolic pressure (ventricles)
blood pressure (aorta)

Front 45

Pressure

Back 45

PRESSURE IN HEART difference in BP with in vascular system that gives driving force that keeps blood moving down pressure gradient (high concentration to low concentration)

Front 46

Resistance

Back 46

opposition of flow (peripheral resisitance), viscocity, vessel length and vessel radius, measure of friction, aka afterload

Front 47

viscocity

Back 47

aka afterload, measure of the resistance of a fluid (affected by exercise)
Think: blood/syrup: cold=increase resistance, thick
Hot: decrease resistance, watery, stickiness

Front 48

total blood vessel length

Back 48

does not change, increase length= increase resistance= increase viscocity

Front 49

Blood vessel radius

Back 49

½ the diameter, fluid in center moves fastest

Front 50

Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance

Back 50

Flow through a tube is proportional to the ΔP & inversely related to R, change in pressure
POISEUILLES LAW

Front 51

Poiseuilles Law

Back 51

cardiac output= change in pressure/ (1/(R/\4))

Front 52

change in pressure increases

blood flow?

Back 52

increase blood flow

Front 53

change in pressure decrease

blood flow?

Back 53

decrease blood flow

Front 54

gradients in body?

Back 54

body likes gradients and to magnify gradients and make them big

Front 55

flow is increased

change in pressure?
resistance

Back 55

change in pressure increase
resistance increase

Front 56

decrease resistance

cardiac output?

Back 56

decrease cardiac output

Front 57

small change in radius causes ____

ex. arterioles in tissue dilate then ____

Back 57

small changes in radius result in large changes in flow b/c resistance can easily change by altering blood vessel diameter

arterioles in tissue dilate->blood flow increases-> systemic pressure is unchanged/falling

Front 58

decrease radius

flow?

Back 58

decrease flow

Front 59

distensible tube vs rigid tube

Back 59

distensible tube like arteries and veins allow tubes to stretch
rigid tube like aqueduct has no give
VEINS HAVE GIVE, they stretch

Front 60

increase in change in pressure

radius?

Back 60

radius increase

Front 61

increase pressure on tubules

does tube stretch? flow? radius?

Back 61

tube stretches b/c it has elastic
flow increases
increases radius

Front 62

systemic blood pressure (body blood pressure)

Back 62

pumping action of heart generates blood flow. pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
systemic blood pressure is highest in aorta, declines thru pathway to reach no pressure in RA.

Front 63

Two factors affect systemic blood pressue

Back 63

how much elastic arteries can stretch
volume forces thru a vessel at one time

Front 64

systolic BP

Back 64

120
re exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls uring ventricular contraction
(i.e., peak blood pressure in the aorta)

Front 65

diastolic BP

Back 65

80
essure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular relaxation(i.e., the pressure necessary to open the aortic valve)

Front 66

change in pressure= _x_

Back 66

change in pressure= flow x resistance

Front 67

Afterload

Back 67

pressure that must be over come for ventricles to eject blood

Front 68

increase diastolic BP=
afterload? stroke volume? cardiac ouput?

Back 68

increase diastolic BP= increase afterload= decrease stroke volume= decrease cardiac ouput

Front 69

increase cardiac ouput by SNS (rest)

contractility?
systolic BP?

Back 69

increase contractility
increasesystolic BP

Front 70

MAP

Back 70

mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels the blood to the tissues
porportional to work performed by the heart
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (SBP – DBP)

Front 71

pulse vs pulse pressure

Back 71

pulse: stroke volume ejecting blood into arteries
pulse pressure: SBP-DBP, important b/c pressure fluctates with increase and decrease with each heart beat

Front 72

Arterioles

Back 72

very important for regulating blood flow

Front 73

systole pressure gradient

Back 73

Systole pressure is increased in aorta and decreased in arterioles so its moves down the pressure gradient

Front 74

diastole pressure gradient

Back 74

valve closes so blood cant flow back into heart, walls of aorta spring back to keep blood flowing in heart now aortic pressure decreases to lowest pressure

Front 75

increased amount of blood pumped with each beat

blood ejection?
pulse pressure?

Back 75

increase blood ejection
temporary increase pulse pressure

Front 76

ateriorsclerosis

Back 76

increase pulse pressure chronically

Front 77

pulsatile

Back 77

Blood pressure rises and falls thru body

Front 78

pressure at vena cava (end of vessel tree)

Back 78

flow is steady and pressure is gone

Front 79

GRADIENTS OF BODY

Back 79

Blood pressure is the driving force pushing blood thru system (aorta to vena cava) thumbs have arteries but fingers don’t)

Front 80

arterial blood pressure

Back 80

driving force for blood flow

Front 81

map pulse pressure decreases with ____

Back 81

increased distance from heart

Front 82

map and pulse pressure decreases with ____

Back 82

never ending friction btwn blood and vessel wwalls

Front 83

diastole or systole last longer?

Back 83

diastole lasts longer than systole

Front 84

factors aiding increased venous return

decreased?

Back 84

muscular pump
respiratory pump
smooth muscle around veins

heavey resistance exercise

Front 85

horizontal-
vertical-

Back 85

h-increased venous return
v-decreased venous return

Front 86

venouse blood pressure

Back 86

steady, changes little
cut vein: blood flows evenly out b/c decreased pressure
cut artery: spurts blood out

Front 87

venous return respiratory pump

Back 87

inhale, increase abdominal pressure, squeeze local veins, force blood to heart
chest pressure decrease, thoracic veins have room to expand and make more blood into RA

Front 88

venous return muscular pump

Back 88

contract skeletal muscle, pushes in on vein- increased pressure in vein, blood cant go back b/c closed valve but it can go forward into open valve

Front 89

venous return smooth muscle around veins

Back 89

SNS constriction of smooth muscle at rest gives incresed venous return

Front 90

Diffusion

Back 90

move along concentration gradient from high to low concentration
Go from high concentration blood of nutrients and o2 to low concentration of nutrients and o2 in tissues and cells.
go from high co2 and waste to low co2 and waste in blood of capillaries

Front 91

4 ways across capillaries

Back 91

diffusion
intercellular clefts
fenestrations
transport

Front 92

diffusion

Back 92

lipid soluble molecules, ex respiratory gases, diffuse thru lipid bilayer of teh endothlial cell plasma membranes,. small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through

Front 93

intercellular clefts

Back 93

small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through intercellular clefts

Front 94

fenestrations

Back 94

small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through fenestrations

Front 95

transported in pinocytic vessicles

Back 95

small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through pincytic vessicles

Front 96

livesr capillaries

Back 96

very permeable for proteins go thru

Front 97

brain

Back 97

no permeable for little to go thru

Front 98

NFP

Back 98

net filtration pressure
all the forces acting on a capillary bed
NFP = (HPc – HPif) – (OPc – OPif)
NFP can reach equilibrium
NFP determines if theres a net positive or net negative of fluid from blood

Front 99

net fluid flow

Back 99

circulation going out at arterial ends of capillary beds and into circulation at venous ends

Front 100

hydrostatic pressure

Back 100

blud pressing agains wall
pushes
in capillary: pushes fluid out
interstital fluid: pushes fluid into capillary

Front 101

osmotic pressure

Back 101

presence of nondiffusible solutes
sucks
in capillary: pulls fluid into capillary
interstitial: pulls fluid out capillary

Front 102

stroke volume

Back 102

amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction

Front 103

pericardium

Back 103

double layered sac enclosing herat and forming its superficial layers, has fibrous and serous layers

Front 104

arteriosclerosis

Back 104

change in artery leads to decreased elasticity

Front 105

anastomosis

Back 105

union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics

Front 106

SL valvesl

Back 106

prevent blood return to ventricles after contraction

Front 107

AV valve

Back 107

prevents backflow into atrium when ventricle is contracting

Front 108

peripheral resistance

Back 108

measure of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows thru blood vessesl

Front 109

myocardium

Back 109

layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle

Front 110

atherosclerosis

Back 110

early arteriosclerosis
lipid deposits in artery walls

Front 111

fenestrated

Back 111

one or more small openings

Front 112

cardiac cycle

Back 112

sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles of heart

Front 113

systemic circuit

Back 113

system of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in body tissues

Front 114

tricuspid valve

Back 114

right AV valve

Front 115

tuncia

Back 115

covering/ tissue coat, membrane layer

Front 116

blood pressure

Back 116

force exerted by blood against a unit area of blood vessel walls; differences in blood pressure between different areas of teh circulation provide the driving force for blood circulation

Front 117

vasomotor center (vasomotor tone)

Back 117

brain area concerned with regulation of blood vessel resistance

Front 118

autoregulation

Back 118

the automatic local adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in response to its current requirments

Front 119

purkinje fibers

Back 119

modified ventricular muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart

Front 120

diastole

Back 120

period of cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or atria are relaxing

Front 121

pulmonary circuit

Back 121

system of blood vessesl that serves gas exchange in lungs

ex pulmonary arteries, capillaries, veins

Front 122

incompetent valve

Back 122

valve which doesnt close properly

Front 123

av bundle

Back 123

bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the av node to the rigth and left ventricles

Front 124

pulmonary veins

Back 124

vessels taht devliver freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart

Front 125

arteriole

Back 125

small artery

Front 126

AV node

Back 126

specialized mass of conducting cells loacted at AV junction in heart

Front 127

mitral valve

Back 127

left av valve
bicupsid

Front 128

atria

Back 128

superior chambers of heart

Front 129

anastomosis

Back 129

union of nerves blood vessels lymphatics

Front 130

sympathetic (vasomotor) tone

Back 130

state of partial vasoconstriction of blood vessels maintained by sympathetic fibers

Front 131

pulse

Back 131

rythmyic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction, can be felt from oustide body

Front 132

vasodilation

Back 132

relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels, producing dialtion

Front 133

diastolic pressure

Back 133

arteral blood pressure reached during or as result of diastole, lowest level of any given cardiac cycle

Front 134

pulmonary arteries

Back 134

vessels that deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

Front 135

viscocity

Back 135

state of being sticky or thick

Front 136

nitric oxide

Back 136

a gaseous chemical messenger, diverse functions include participation in memory formation in teh brain, and causing vasodilation thru the body

Front 137

hypertension

Back 137

high blood pressure

Front 138

intercalated discs

Back 138

specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes

Front 139

SA node

Back 139

specialized myocardial cells in teh wall of teh right atrium, pacemaker of the herat

Front 140

endocardium

Back 140

endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart

Front 141

systolic pressure

Back 141

pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions

Front 142

cardiac ouput

Back 142

amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute

Front 143

vasoconstriction

Back 143

narrowing of blood vessels

Front 144

systole

Back 144

period when either ventricles or teh atria are contracting

Front 145

baroreceptor

Back 145

a sensory nerve ending in teh wall of teh carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching

Front 146

stenosis

Back 146

abnormal constriction or narrowing

Front 147

capillaries

Back 147

exchange between blood vessels and tissue cells

Front 148

hypotension

Back 148

low blood pressure

Front 149

hydrostatic pressure

Back 149

pressure of fluid in a system

Front 150

Parasympathetic:

Back 150

flight, slows, calming, rest
fibers decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes

Front 151

sympathetic

Back 151

fight, increases heart rate
increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination

Front 152

What is the neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic (rest) system and the receptor it will bind to in the heart to regulate heart rate? What happens to heart rate when we administer a drug that blocks this neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor (i.e., block Parasympathetic activity)?

Back 152

ACETYLCHOLINE: Affectively reduces heart rate when stressful situation has passed. Hyperpolarizes membranes of its effect cells by opening K+ channels. Vagal innervations (nerves from brain to thoracic organs) of the ventricles are sparse, parasympathetic (rest) activity has little or no effect on cardiac contractility.

Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic actelycholine receptors in heart: brings heart back to normal after actions of sympathetic fight nervous system: slow heart rate, reduce contractile forces of atrial cardiac muscle, reduce conducting velocity of SA node and AV node. Remember: minimal effect on contractile forces of ventricular muscle due to sparse innervations of ventricles from parasympathetic (rest) NS.

If we block acetylcholine from binding to its receptor (aka block parasympathetic activity) we will increase heart rate. Example drug: atropine.
Atropine increases firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV) of the heart, opposes the actions of the vagus nerve (overrides brains regulation of the heart by the vagus nerve) blocks acetylcholine receptor sites
In general, atropine lowers the parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glands regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. This occurs because atropine is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (acetylcholine being the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system).

Front 153

Cletus plans to start exercising. When he starts exercising his heart rate will increase. The increase in heart rate is due to parasympathetic (rest) with drawl and increased sympathetic fight activity. What is the neurotransmitter secreted by the sympathetic fight neurons and the name of the adrenergic receptor it bind to? How does the sympathetic fight nervous system increase heart rate? How will this increase heart rate affect ventricular filling time?

Back 153

Sympathetic fight nervous system is activated by emotion or physical stressors (ex. Fright, anxiety, exercise) – sympathetic fight nerve fibers release norepinephrine at their cardiac synapses.

Norepinephrine binds to b1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, causing threshold to be reached more quickly. Resulting in pacemaker firing more rapidly and the heart responds by beating faster. Increases heart rate.

Sympathetic fight enhances contractility and speeds relaxation by enchancing ca2+ movements in contractile cells. end systolic volume falls as a result of this increased contractility, so systolic volume doesn’t decline, as it would only if heart rate increased. (when heart beats faster, less time for ventricular filling so lower end diastolic volume)


Beta blockers- attach mainly to b1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrythmias

Front 154

During exercise the rhythmic contraction/relaxation of skeletal muscle will enhance venous blood returning to the heart. What effect will this have on stroke volume? Why?

Back 154

An increase in volume or speed of venous return will increase preload and through the frank starling law of the heart, will increase stroke volume. Decreased venous retrun has the opposite effects, causing reductioin of stroke volume.

Front 155

What factors will contribute to the increased cardiac contractility during exercise?

Back 155

bloodborne epinephrine
thyroxine
excess ca2+

Front 156

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker
Where in the body does each medication act? How will these medications help his hypertension?

Back 156

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker: receptor b1- norepinephrine. Action: heart muscle contraction. Increase heart rate in SA node, increase atrial cardiac muscle contractility, increase contractility and automaticity of ventricular cardiac muscle, increase conduction and automaticity of AV node
Beta blockers lower heart rate, the amount of blood the heart pumps out, and the forces of the heart beat, which all lower BP

Front 157

Nitric Oxide supplement.
Where in the body does each medication act? How will these medications help his hypertension?

Back 157

Nitric Oxide supplement: the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal surrounding smooth muscle to relasx, results in vasodialation and increased blood flow. Potent vasodialator, direct

Front 158

Which medication has a relationship to Poiseuill’s Law?

Back 158

Nitric oxide supplement

Front 159

A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).What is the functional significance of DBP (as discussed in class)?

Back 159

When your heart is resting. Measures the pressure when your heart is between beats.

Front 160

A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).Calculate pulse pressure? Mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Back 160

Pulse pressure equals systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure

Mean arterial pressure: pressure that propels the blood to the tissues, proportional to work performed by the heart
MAP= diastolic pressure + [pulse pressure (*systolic blood pressure-diastolic blood pressure*)]/3

Front 161

A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).If DBP increases to 100 mmHg, how will this affect Q? Why?

Back 161

Increase in flow (Q)

80+120-80/3=103.3

180+120-180/3=160

Front 162

At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood.
What is Sally’s stroke volume in mL?

Back 162

Stroke volume=end diastolic volume- end systolic volume
Stroke volume= 120 mL- 50 mL=70 mL

Front 163

At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood.
Calculate Sally’s Q in L/min.

Back 163

Q= stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output (Q )=.07 L x 70 bpm= 4.9 L/min

Front 164

At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood.
What is her Ejection fraction (%EF)?

Back 164

Ejection fraction (EF)= (stroke volume/ end diastolic volume) x 100%
(70mL/120mL)x100%=58.33% ejection fraction

Front 165

At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood.
Based on her ejection fraction, is her heart functioning normally?

Back 165

yes, 50-70 % is normal

Front 166

At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood.
During exercise Sally increases her heart rate to 150 bpm and her Q to 15 L/min.What is her stroke volume in mL? If her ESV = 40, then calculate her EDV and %EF.

Back 166

Stroke volume = EDV – 40 mL (ESV)
100mL=X – 40 mL
X = 140 mL EDV


EF= (stroke volume/EDV)x100%=
EF=(100mL/140mL)x100%=71%


15L/min (Q) = stroke volume x 150 bpm (HR)
15/150=.1L
Stroke volume= .1L  100mL

Front 167

does EF increase or decrease with exercise? why?

Back 167

increases with exercise.
In cardiovascular physiology, ejection fraction (Ef) is the fraction of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heart beat.

Exercise increases heart beats, therefore increasing ejection fraction.

Front 168

getting swole on while exercising

Back 168

extra h20 in extracellular space (temporarily)- more fluid enters tissues spaces than is returned to blood, we lose fluid from circulation. This fluid and leak proteins are picked up by lymp system and takent o vascular system. without lymp system, we would lose all plasma b/c it wouldn’t be returned.

Front 169

capillary and interstitial space exchange

Back 169

Theres always fluid exchange between capillary and interstitial space, relieving pressure- pressure inside is greater than pressure outside (garden hose)

Front 170

proteins in cardiovascular system?

Back 170

Proteins exist is cardiovascular system: they are big polar molecular that attract H20 and exert up
Draw h20 back into system, but we don’t recover all h20 that’s lost, that’s why we have a backup lymph system

Front 171

The main factors influencing blood pressure are:

Back 171

Cardiac output (Q): blood flow of entire circulation
Peripheral resistance (R)
Blood volume (increased blood pressure=increased blood volume)

Front 172

blood pressure equation

Back 172

Blood pressure = Q x R
Blood pressure varies directly with Q, R, and blood volume

Front 173

vasotone

Back 173

radius, arterioles are almost always in a state of moderate constriction

Front 174

plasma volume

Back 174

blood volume

Front 175

Increase in cardiac output

systolic bp?

Back 175

increase in systolic blood pressure

Front 176

Regulating radius of blood pressure

resistance?

Back 176

regulating resistance

Front 177

Sympathetic

Back 177

increased heart rate by SA node, increase stroke volume