Blood Anatomy

Front 1

1) Define blood

Back 1

a. CT w/ cells, suspended in plasma
b. 6-8% BW, CT = loose, special tense
c. Fxns: transprot of nutrients and o2 directlly/indirectly
d. Delivery hormones, maintaine homeostasis

Front 2

c. Plasma:

Back 2

i. 90% water, 10%solutes (proteins, sugar liiouds, salts)
ii. Fxns: albumin – osmotic prssure, globulin – defense mechanism , carrie proteins for copper, iron and globin, or clotting formation

Front 3

d. Eryhtrocytes:

Back 3

i. 5-10 million cu/mm
ii. Anucleated, devoid of organelles, biconcave for SA for gas exchange, 7.5 um diameter
iii. Rouleaux formation, pile like stacks for surface tension when plasma protein con ce high
iv. Life splan 120 days, 250 mill hb per rbc, hb can bind 4 mol o2
v. Fxn: tranport o2 and co2

vi. Proteins: integral – glycosylated for blood type antigen, peripheral for membrane skeleton and shape at inner surface of cell mem

Front 4

e. Leukocytes:

Back 4

i. 5000-10000 cu/ mm
ii. From bone marrow, carry surface proteins which bind to receptors on endothelial cells in bv
iii. Fxns: defense systems in tissues
iv. Different granules:
1. Azurophilic: microbicidal agens, killand degrade engulfed microogranisms
2. Specific: most numerous, small, antimicrobial substances
3. Tertiary granules: gelatinase, secrete enzymes to degarade tissue and ex. matrix

Front 5

f. Neutrophils:

Back 5

i. 60-70% leukocytes
ii. Cytoplasm: pink
iii. Nuc: segmented w/ thin chromatin
iv. Granules: pink/lilac and fine
v. 55% larger than rbc
vi. Fxn: motile first to site of infection, short lived die by apotosis
vii. Females: barr bodies (inactive x chrom) drumstick shape and secrete interleukin

Front 6

g. Eosinophils:

Back 6

i. 2-4%
ii. Cytoplasm: pinkish,
iii. Nuc: bi lobed
iv. Granules: organe/pink large refractile
v. 12-17um diameter
vi. Fxn: hydrolytic enzymes – histaminases and crystalloid body w/ proteins
vii. Defense against helminthic parasites

Front 7

h. Basophils:

Back 7

i. 1%
ii. Difficult to find
iii. Cyto: basophilic
iv. Nuc: pale staining irreg lobes, overlying granules
v. Metachromatically b/c of heparin, s or j shpaed
vi. Ganules: blue/black and overlap nuc
vii. Fxn: precursors of mast cells and help in hypersensitivty rxns
viii. Has receptors for IgE on mem

Front 8

i. Lymphocytes

Back 8

i. 20-30%
ii. 6-18um diameter,
iii. Cyto: light blue
iv. Round hypercrjomatic dense nuc w/ little indentation
v. Fxns: imunity, return from tissues back to blood after diapedesis

Front 9

small lymph

Back 9

1. Blood smears, spherical nuc, condensed chromatin, 90%. Few mito

Front 10

med lymph

Back 10

1. Mitochondria/polysomes

Front 11

large lymph

Back 11

1. Natural killer cells – activaed form

Front 12

b lymph

Back 12

1. Humoral immunity
2. From plasma cells when activated
3. From BM
4. Experss: IgA, IgD. IgM, IgE, IgG

Front 13

t lymph

Back 13

1. Cellular immunity
2. Longer life span and from thymus
3. Cd4 and cd8

Front 14

natural killer cells

Back 14

1. Kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
2. Granular, prominent azurophlic granules
3. Cd16, cd56, cd94

Front 15

monocytes

Back 15

: 3-8%
i. Oval, kidney shaped mnuc
ii. Less condensed chromatin, lightly stained
iii. Largest intravvascular cell
iv. Light blue-gray cytoplasm, very fine granules
v. Become macrophages when go to CT – engulf debris

Front 16

thrombocytes (platelet)

Back 16

i. 150,000-400, 000/ L
ii. Disk like cell frags (2-4um)
iii. Fragments of megakaryocyes seen in bone marrow only
iv. Blood clotting and repair of bv
v. Life span = 10 days

Front 17

6) Give significance of reticulocyte count

Back 17

a. Evaulate erythropoeises (normal < 1% of circulating RBC)
b. Incraese in circulating blood - incicative of anemia, hemorrahage or hemolysis

Front 18

normal count erythrocyte:

Back 18

4.5-5.5 mill/cu mm blood

Front 19

normal count leukocytes

Back 19

5000-9000 per cu/,\ mm blood

Front 20

granular leukocytes

Back 20

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Front 21

agranular leukocytes

Back 21

lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 22

platelets or thrombocytes normal count

Back 22

150000-400000 per cu mm blood,
2 parts: hyalomere (clear) and granulomere or chromomere colored

Front 23

prenatal stages hematopoeissis

Back 23

mesoblastic phase, hepatic phase, myeloid phase

Front 24

what does erythyrpotein do

Back 24

stimulates bone marrow to produce rbc

Front 25

myeloid tissue

Back 25

developing blood cells and conective tissue stoma (sinusoids and stromal cell types: macrophages, fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells)

Front 26

hemocytoblast

Back 26

stem cell which all blood cells originate

Front 27

albumin

Back 27

size 60,000-70 Da, in liver, maintains collodial and ostmotic pressure, transport metabolites

Front 28

globulin alpha and beta

Back 28

80,000-1k Da in liver, transport metal ions, protein bound lipids and lipid soluble vitamins

Front 29

gobulin gamma

Back 29

frm plasma cells, antibodies for immune

Front 30

clotting proteins

Back 30

prothrombin, fibriongen, accelerator golbulin, frm liver, formation of fibrin threads

Front 31

complent proteins c1 to c9

Back 31

frm liver, dstruction of microorganism and initation of inflammation

Front 32

plastma lipoproteins, chylomicrons

Back 32

100-500um, frm intestinal epithelial cells to transfer triglycerides to liver

Front 33

vldl proteins

Back 33

25-70nm frm liver, transfer triglycerides from liver to body cells

Front 34

ldl proteins

Back 34

3,000,000 da frm liver, transfer triglcercides from liver to body cells