(Bp) Chapter 16: Evolution

Front 1

Four Modes modes through which Evolution takes place.

Back 1

Natural Selection
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Genetic Shift

Front 2

Use and Disuse theory of Evolution

Back 2

Lamark stated that the driving force behind evolutionary change was the use or lack of use of a given part of the organism. When a part of the body develops, it is known as ACQUIRED CHARACTERISITS.

Front 3

What is the difference between Evolution and Natural Selection?

Back 3

Natural Selection is the manner through which evolutionary change takes place.

Front 4

Fitness

Back 4

The overall reproductive success of an organism

Front 5

Natural Selection

Back 5

The process in which those organisms with less favorable traits die off while those with more favorable traits will survive and pass off their DNA to the next generation.

Front 6

The modern rendition of classical Darwinism.

Back 6

Neo Darwinism or Modern Synthesis.

Front 7

What is the difference between classical Darwinism and Neo Darwinism

Back 7

Neo Darwinism incorporates laws from genetics in order to explain evolutionary phenomenon.

Front 8

The process in which less fit organism will die off.

Back 8

Differential Reproduction

Front 9

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 9

The notion that evolutionary change occurs in isolated bursts rather that continuously through evolutionary time.

Front 10

Five lines of Evidence supporting evolution

Back 10

Paleontology,
Biogeography,
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Molecular Biology

Front 11

Evidence From Paleontology

Back 11

The use of radioactive decay methods of finding the date at which an anatomical feature developed and placing that development on a certain historical timeline.

Front 12

Evidence From Biogeography

Back 12

The observation that when a certain section of a given species is isolated from the rest, it will develop certain features in response to its environment that will confer some genetic or anatomical trait that will render it unique from the rest of its species. When this occurs it is called DIVERGENCE

Front 13

Evidence From Comparative Anatomy

Back 13

Homologous Structures, Analogous Structures, and Vestigial Structures

Front 14

Homologous Structures

Back 14

Structures that share common evolutionary origin despite differing appearance and form

Front 15

Analogous Structures

Back 15

Structures that have a common function but evolved separately.

Front 16

Vestigial Structures

Back 16

Structures that once had a function in the organism but no longer do so due to evolutionary change.

Front 17

Evidence From Comparative Embryology

Back 17

This line of evidence is based on the fact that across species many organisms are have similar embryological makeup. This similarity is suggests a common evolutionary origin. One example is the fact that humans have gills and tails at the beginning stages of development

Front 18

Evidence From Molecular Biology

Back 18

This line of evidence is based on the similar genetic code across organisms and the similar proteins structures found across species.

Front 19

Gene Frequency

Back 19

How often a given gene will appear in a gene pool. The changing gene frequency is the basis of evolutionary change.

Front 20

Five Criterion of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 20

1) Large population
2) No mutations
3) Random mating
4) No migration
5) All gene have an equal chance at passing on.

Front 21

Hardy Weinberg Equation

Back 21

1) P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

2) p + q = 1

Front 22

What do the Hardy Weinberg Equations tell us?

Back 22

The shorter equation tells us about the given frequency of a given allele in a population. The longer equation tells us about the rates of the phenotypes in a given population

Front 23

What is the relationship between genes and organisms in a population?

Back 23

There will be two times as many genes as there are organisms in a population.

Front 24

Five Types of Microevolutionary change that will affect the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Back 24

Natural Selection
Mutations
Assortive Mating
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow

Front 25

Assortive Mating

Back 25

Assortive mating occurs when the number of potential mates in a given population is limited by proximity. This results in certain organisms preferentially mating with other organisms with a specific set of genes

Front 26

Genetic Drift

Back 26

Changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance. This is also known as the founder effect

Front 27

Gene Flow

Back 27

The change is the prevalence in genes due to the migration of certain gene from the population.

Front 28

Three modes of Natural Selection

Back 28

Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection, and Disruptive Selection

Front 29

Stabilizing Selection

Back 29

Selection that seeks to avoid extremes in the organism. One example is birth weight in that high or low birth weight can have negative effects

Front 30

Directional Selection

Back 30

When a new phenotypic standard emerges due to evolutionary pressures. For instance, a strain of bacteria will become resistant to bacteria is all of the non resistant one are killed off and the resistant one make up the new population

Front 31

Disruptive Selection

Back 31

When both extreme phenotypes are selected against the norm.

Front 32

Major exception to Darwin's theory

Back 32

Altruistic behavior. This is a problem because it seems like there is a behavior that would work against passing on one's genes to the next generation. Give Darwin's theory, if there was a gene that contributed to this kind of behavior, it would have been removed from the gene pool.

Front 33

Speciation

Back 33

The development of a new species that can interbreed with eachother freely but not with other members of other species

Front 34

Two Types of Reproductive Isolation

Back 34

Post Zygotic and Pre Zygotic

Front 35

Five Types of Prezygotic isolation

Back 35

1) Temporal Isolation = Breeding during different time
2) Ecological Isolation = Two species living in the same location but different habitats
3) Behavioral Isolation = Different species that are not attracted to eachother due to different mating rituals
4) Reproductive Isolation = Reproductive organs of species are not compatible
5) Gamete Isolation = Fertilization cannot occur

Front 36

Three types of post zygotic isolation

Back 36

1) Hybrid invariability = Genetic incompatibility will abort zygote even if fertilization can occur
2) Hybrid Sterility = Hybrid offspring cannot reproduce
3) Hybrid Breakdown = First generation is viable and can reproduce but the second generation cannot.

Front 37

Adaptive Radiation

Back 37

When a single ancestor gives rise to many different species

Front 38

Three patterns of evolution

Back 38

1) Convergent evolution = independent evolution of similar characteristics within a species coming from a single ancestor
2) Divergent evolution = refers to the independent development of dissimilar characteristics
3) Parallel evolution = related species evolving in similar ways for a long period

Front 39

Experiment Testing Primordial Soup

Back 39

Experiment showed that amino acids can form from water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and electricity.