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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innateimmunity A)is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. B)is nonspecific and present at birth. C)involves a memory component. D)involves T cells and B cells. E)provides increased susceptibility to disease. |
B) is nonspecific and present at birth. |
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Allof the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT A)multiple layers of cells. B)tears. C)saliva. D)HCl. E)the "ciliary escalator." |
D) HCl. |
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Thefunction of the "ciliary escalator" is to A)propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the throat. B)remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. C)remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract. D)remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract. E) trap inhaled dust and microorganisms inmucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. |
E) trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. |
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Whichof the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? A)neutrophils B)erythrocytes C)macrophages D)basophils E)eosinophils |
C) macrophages |
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TLRsattach to all of the following EXCEPT A)AMPs. B)flagellin. C)LPS. D)PAMPs. E)peptidoglycan. |
A) AMPs. |
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Adifferential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT A)the total number of white blood cells. B)the numbers of each type of white blood cell.C)the number of red blood cells. D)leukocytosis. E)leukopenia. |
C) the number of red blood cells. |
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Thecomplement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternativepathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation ofA)C1. B)C2. C)C3. D)C5. E)C6. |
C) C3. |
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Allof the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT A)kinins. B)prostaglandins. C)lysozymes. D)histamine. E)leukotrienes. |
C) lysozymes. |
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Achild falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skinand she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participatein eliminating contaminating microbes? A)mucociliary escalator B)normal skin flora C)phagocytosis in the inflammatory response D)acidic skin secretions E)lysozyme |
C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response |
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Marginationrefers to A)the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. B)the chemotactic response of phagocytes. C)adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. D)dilation of blood vessels. E)the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels. |
C) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. |
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Whichof the following statements is TRUE? A)All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. B)Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. C)Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. D)Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. |
C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. |
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Whichof the following is found normally in serum? A)complement B)interferon C)histamine D)leukocytosis-promoting factor E)TLRs |
A) complement |
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Eachof the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT A)interference with viral replication. B)bacterial cell lysis. C)opsonization. D)increased phagocytic activity. E)increased blood vessel permeability. |
A) interference with viral replication. |
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Whichof the following is an effect of opsonization? A)increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms B)increased margination of phagocytes C)increased diapedesis of phagocytes D)inflammation E)cytolysis |
A) increased adherence of phagocytes to |
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Normalmicrobiota provide protection from infection in each of the following waysEXCEPT A)they produce antibacterial chemicals. B)they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C)they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D)they produce lysozyme. E)they change the pH of the environment. |
D) they produce lysozyme. |
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Eachof the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT A)M protein. B)capsules. C)formation of phagolysosomes. D)leukocidins. E)biofilms. |
C) formation of phagolysosomes. |
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Theantimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT A)inhibition of cell wall synthesis. B)lysis of bacterial cells. C)destruction of nucleic acids. D)pore formation in bacterial membranes. E) inhibition of phagocytosis |
E) inhibition of phagocytosis |
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Theswelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid A)returns to the blood. B)goes into lymph capillaries. C)is excreted in urine. D)is lost as perspiration. E)is transported into macrophages. |
B) goes into lymph capillaries. |
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Whichof the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? A)They are found in certain tissues and organs.B)They develop from neutrophils. C)They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. D)They are mature monocytes. E)They gather at sites of infection. |
B) They develop from neutrophils. |
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Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction withmicroorganisms EXCEPT A)trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.B)opsonization. C)chemotaxis. D)lysozyme. E) complement |
D) lysozyme. |
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Allof the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT A)vasodilation. B)fever. C)swelling. D)redness. E)pain. |
B) fever. |
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Allof the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT A)destruction of an injurious agent. B)removal of an injurious agent. C)isolation of an injurious agent. D)repair of damaged tissue. E)production of antibodies. |
E) production of antibodies. |
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Achill is a sign that A)body temperature is falling. B)body temperature is rising. C)body temperature is not changing. D)the metabolic rate is decreasing. E)blood vessels are dilating. |
B) body temperature is rising. |
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Whichof the following statements is TRUE? A)There are at least thirty complement proteins. B)All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum. C)Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis. D)Complement activity is antigen-specific. E)Complement increases after immunization. |
A) There are at least thirty complement proteins. |
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Whichof the following is mismatched? A)diapedesis — movement of leukocytesbetween capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue B)chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome C)abcess — a cavity created by tissuedamage and filled with pus D)pus — tissue debris and dead phagocytesin a white or yellow fluid E)scab — dried blood clot over injured tissue |
B) chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome |
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Allof the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and betainterferons EXCEPT A)they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. B)they are effective for long periods. C)they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins. D)they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. E)they initiate transcription. |
B) they are effective for long periods. |
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Thealternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by A)lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B)C5C9. C)antigenantibodyreactions. D)factors released from phagocytes. E) factors released from damaged tissues |
A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. |
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Theclassical pathway for complement activation is initiated by A)lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B)C5C9. C)antigenantibodyreactions. D)factors released from phagocytes. E)factors released from damaged tissues. |
C) antigenantibody reactions. |
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Activationof C3a results in A)acute inflammation. B)increased blood vessel permeability. C)opsonization. D)attraction of phagocytes. E)cell lysis. |
A) acute inflammation. |
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Neutrophilswith defective lysosomes are unable to A)undergo chemotaxis. B)migrate. C)produce toxic oxygen products. D)attach to microorganisms and other foreign material. E)engulf microorganisms and other foreign material. |
C) produce toxic oxygen products. |
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Innateimmunity includes all of the following EXCEPT A)phagocytosis. B)inflammation. C)production of antibody. D)production of interferon. E)activation of complement. |
C) production of antibody. |
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Afteringesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT A)complement. B)O2-. C)H2O2. D)OH∙. E)HOCl. |
A) complement. |
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Activationof C5C9results in A)activation of C3. B)fixation of complement. C)lysis of microbial cells. D)phagocytosis. E)inflammation. |
C) lysis of microbial cells. |
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Allof the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT A)they are a type of lymphocyte. B)they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. C)they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells. D)they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. E)they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis. |
D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. |
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Whichof the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths? A)basophils B)eosinophils C)lymphocytes D)monocytes E)neutrophils |
B) eosinophils |
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Macrophagesarise from which of the following?A)basophils B)eosinophils C)lymphocytes D)monocytes E)neutrophils |
D) monocytes |
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Allof the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it A)accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestivetract. B)stimulates T lymphocyte activity. C)is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with thehypothalamus. D)intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.E)can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. |
A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract. |
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Allof the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT A)lactoferrin. B)transferrin. C)hemoglobin. D)siderophorin. E)ferritin. |
D) siderophorin. |
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Allof the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? A)diapedesis B)margination C)phagocyte migration D)repair E)vasodilation |
E) vasodilation |
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Thelectin pathway for complement action is initiated by A)mannose on host membranes. B)mannose on the surface of microbes. C)lectins of the microbe. D)gram-negative cell walls. E)gram-positive cell walls. |
B) mannose on the surface of microbes. |
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Allof the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT A)dilation of blood vessels. B)release of histamines and prostaglandins. C)chemotaxis. D)diapedesis. E)antibody synthesis. |
D) diapedesis. |
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Severalinherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of thefollowing would be the MOST severe? A)deficiency of C3 B)deficiency of C5 C)deficiency of C6 D)deficiency of C7 E)deficiency of C8 |
A) deficiency of C3 |
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Whichof the following statements about the classical pathway of complementactivation is FALSE? A)C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. B)The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigenantibody complexes. C)C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. D)Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation. E)C3b causes opsonization. |
C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. |
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Lysozymeand the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that theyboth cause damage to the bacterial A)cell membrane. B)capsule. C)cell wall. D)DNA. E)ribosomes. |
C) cell wall. |
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Whichnon-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structureor body fluid? A)lysozyme — tears and saliva B)mucociliary escalator — intestines C)very acidic pH— stomach D)keratin and tightly packed cells — skin E)cerumen and sebum — ear |
B) mucociliary escalator — intestines |
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The dermis iscomposed of connective tissue and provides protection from the externalenvironment. |
False |
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Microorganisms thatare members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. |
True |
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Maturationof stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.Answer: |
True |
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The inflammatoryresponse can only be triggered by an infection. |
False |
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Histamine and kininscause increased blood flow and capillary permeability. |
True |
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Aspirin alleviatespain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins. |
True |
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Complement proteinsact as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis |
False |
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Digestion of microorganismsoccurs in phagosomes. |
False |
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An example of a TLRwould be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. |
True |
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Ingestionof certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial forfunction and health of the intestinal tract. |
True |
