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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of disease states associated with underactivity and overactivity of the immune response is called: |
Immunopathology |
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What is an allergy hypersensitivity? |
And exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune response to an allergen |
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What is auto immunity |
Abnormal response to a self-antigen |
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What is immunodeficiency? |
Absence or loss of immunity |
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What type of cells are immortal and can grow in definitely and culture? |
Cancer |
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What are the four types of hypersensitivity? |
Immediate, antibody mediated, immune complex mediated, T cell mediated |
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What are some examples of immediate hypersensitivity? |
Anaphylaxis, allergies such as hayfever and asthma |
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What antibody mediate immediate hypersensitivity? |
IGE |
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What types of cells are involved in immediate hypersensitivity? |
Mast cells and basophils |
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A first (primary) and second (secondary) exposure is involved in which hypersensitivity? |
Immediate hypersensitivity |
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Which antibodies are involved in antibody mediated hypersensitivity? |
IgG and IgM |
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Given example of antibody mediated hypersensitivity |
Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis |
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What happens during immune complex mediated hypersensitivity? |
Circulating I GG complexes deposit in the basement membrane's of target organs. |
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What type of diseases are associated with immune complex mediated hypersensitivity? |
Auto immune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, and rheumatic fever |
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What is T cell mediated hypersensitivity? |
It is a delayed hypersensitivity and involves cytotoxic reactions in tissues. Examples are poison ivy, rashes, graft rejections. |
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What is a chronic global allergy such as hayfever or asthma called? |
Atopy |
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What is anaphylaxis? |
Hey systemic, explosive reaction involving airway obstruction and circulatory collapse |
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What are some factors which can affect atopic allergies? |
Age, infection, geographic area, predisposition. |
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What are the common classifications of allergens by portal of entry? |
Inhalants, injectants, ingestanta, contactants. |
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What happens during a sensitizing dose? |
Specific B cells form IGE, which attaches to mast cells and basophils |
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What happens during a provocative dose? |
The allergen binds to the IGE-mast cell complex and causes degranulation, which releases mediators causing physiological effects such as vasodilation, bronchoconstriction and producing symptoms such as rash, itching, redness, mucus discharge, pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing |
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True or false: a sensitizing does produces a strong allergic reaction. |
False. |
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Describe the process of a sensitizing dose. |
Allergen travels to the lymph node where it meets up with a B cell which recognizes the allergen and presents it to the helper T cell, thereby becoming activated and forming memory cells which swcrete the IgE antibodies against that Allergen. IgE bond with mast cells and float around waiting on secondary exposure. |
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What happens upon secondary exposure to an antigen? |
The allergen attaches to IGE on the mast cells and triggers great degranulation and release of allergic mediators, Resulting in allergy symptoms. |
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Where are mast cells located? |
Connective tissue of almost every organ. High concentration in the lungs, skin, G.I., and genital tract |
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Where are Basophils located? |
They circulate in the blood and migrate to the tissues. |
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What are the granules contained within the cytoplasm of mast cells and basophils? |
Histamine, cytokines. |
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What is the most profuse and fastest acting of the granule chemical mediators? |
Histamine |
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What are the effects of histamine? |
Smooth muscle regulation. Constricts muscles of small bronchi, and relaxes vascular smooth muscles. |
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Name some other chemical allergic mediators. |
Serotonin, Leukotriene, prostaglandin, bradykinin |
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What are some of the results of prostaglandin? |
Dilated blood vessels, constricted bronchioles, stimulated nerve cells, headache pain. |
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What are some effects of Leukotriene? |
Constriction of bronchioles, mucus buildup, airway obstruction. |
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What effects do histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin have? |
Dilated blood vessels, constricted Bronchi, increased secretion of glands. |
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What is one type of diagnostic allergy test? |
Skin testing. |
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How can one alleviate the effects of allergies? |
Avoid the allergen, drugs which block the action (Amtihistamines), and desensitization therapy. |
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What is desensitization therapy? |
Injecting small amounts of allergens to stimulate Allergan specific IgG which blocks IGE from binding with mast cells |
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How does the desensitization through blocking antibody theory work? |
The specific free-floating IgE antibodies secreted by B cells bind to a secondary exposure to that antigen, which prevents the antigen from binding with the mast cell. Therefore, there is no degranulation or release of chemical allergic agents. This is a good example of why memory is important. |
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In type two hypersensitivity, what factors lead to cell lysis? |
IgG and IgM antibodies act upon cells with complement and cause cell death. |
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What is an example of a reaction caused by a type to hypersensitivity? |
Transfusion reactions within ABO blood groups and RH factor. |
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Which blood is the universal donor? |
O negative |
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Which blood type is the universal recipient? |
AB |
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What are the characteristics of a type III hypersensitivity? |
Antigen/antibody reaction's result in immune complexes within the basement membrane's of epithelial tissues which cause a damaging inflammatory response. |
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What type of reaction is an arthritis reaction? |
Type three. |
