Chapter 15: Nonspecific Lines Of Defense

Front 1

Movement towards or away from a chemical or protein

Back 1

Chemotaxis

Front 2

Normal condition in which established microbiota (normal flora) use up available nutrients and space, reducing the ability of arriving pathogens to colonize.

Back 2

Microbial Antagonism

Front 3

Cells and cell fragments that are suspended in plasma.

Back 3

Formed Elements

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Secreted oily substance that helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin

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Sebum

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Large phagocytic cell

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Macrophage

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Uppermost layer of skin that is the home of normal flora such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacteria and Propionibacteria

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Epidermis

Front 7

Activation of the complement cascade by this pathway involves the binding of proteins produced in the liver to the surface of pathogens.

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Alternative

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This group of leukocytes is composed on monocytes and lymphocytes

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Agranulocytes

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Any molecule that acts as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis

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Opsonin

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Generic name for white blood cells

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Leukocytes

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This group of leukocytes is composed of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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Granulocytes

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How does skin act as nonspecific defense?

Back 12

Skin acts as a physical barrier and has keratin, a tough protein

Front 13

How are sweat glands nonspecific defenses?

Back 13

Water in sweat washes away pathogens. Salt creates a hypertonic environment, causing crenation in cells. Also has lysozyme, antibacterial enzyme that breaks down cell walls.

Front 14

How does the normal flora act as a nonspecific defense?

Back 14

Propionibacteria create an acidic environment

Front 15

How does the dermis works as a nonspecific defense?

Back 15

Collagen hyaluronic acid creates a physical barrier. Langerhans Cells can engulf and destroy pathogens.

Front 16

How do mucus membranes act as a nonspecific defense?

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Traps pathogens

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How does the respiratory tract acts as a nonspecific defense?

Back 17

Cilia flick up mucus with trapped pathogens, resulting is coughing it up or swallowing.

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Types of Leukocytes

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Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Front 19

Describe Process of Phagocyte Movement by Neutrophils

Back 19

1) Leukocyte receives signal (cytokines)

2) Leukocyte starts rolling motion

3) Leukocyte produces adherence factors

4) Leukocyte adheres to lining of blood vessel (margination)

5) Undergoes diapedesis ->migrates thru wall of blood vessel

6) Leukocyte does chemotaxis to site of infection

7) Does phagocytosis

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Process of Phagocytosis (Neutrophils)

Back 20

1) Cell extends membrane out and around material

2) Vesicle created with pathogen (phagosome)

3) Lysosome fuses with phagosome (phagolysosome)

4) Enzymes break down pathogen

5) Formation of residual body

6) Exocytosis of waste

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Process of Phagocytosis by Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic Cells

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Same as Neutrophils, except:

After phagolysosome formation, dendritic cells perform Antigen Presentation - collect pieces of pathogen (antigen) and shows them to immune system (critical for activation of lymphocytes in immune response)

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Signs of Inflammation

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Edema, Redness, Pain, Localized Heat

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How inflammation progresses

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1) Bradykinin activated (signals pain)

2) Mast cells release histamine & serotonin

3) Vasodilation (opening of blood vessels)

4) Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes cause wide range of inflammatory changes w/i affected tissue

5) Pyrogens induce fever

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Benefits of Fever

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1) ^ temperature slow growth of microorganisms

2) ^ temp inactivates toxins and enzymes

3) ^ temp increase rate of chemical reactions

4) ^ temp enhance immune response

Front 25

Process of Classical Pathway of the Complement System

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1) Antibody binds to pathogen

2) C1 Protein binds to pathogen

3) C2 & C4 bind to C1

4) C2 is broken down into C2a & C2b. C4 is broken down into C4a & C4b

5) C2a & C4b join with C3

6) C3 broken down in C3a & C3b

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Process of Alternative Pathway of the Complement System

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1) Liver proteins B, D, & P bind to a pathogen

2) Bring in C3

3) C3 broken into C3a & C3b

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Process of Complement Cascade

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1) C3b binds to C5

2) C5 breaks into C5a & C5b

3) C5b binds with C6, C7, C8, & C9 to form Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Front 28

Granulocytes that release toxic chemicals stored in granules to kill parasitic worms.

Back 28

Eosinophils

Front 29

Group of agranulocytes that is comprised of B cells and T cells. They are responsible for antibody production as well as identification destruction of virus-infected cells.

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Lymphocytes

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These are produced from a conversion of phospholipids. They mediate a wide range of inflammatory changes within the infected tissues

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Prostaglandins

Front 31

Process that is triggered by trauma and infection that is characterized by swelling, localized heat, redness and pain

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Inflammation

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Multi-branched phagocytic cells that are plentiful throughout the body particularly in skin and mucous membranes

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Dendritic Cells

Front 33

Inflammatory molecules that are produced from a conversion of phospholipids. They mediate a wide range of inflammatory changes within the affected tissue. They are active in chemotaxis to attract migrating neutrophils

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Leukotrienes

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Term for the vesicle inside of a phagocytic cell after a microorganism has been ingested by phagocytosis

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Phagosome

Front 35

Molecules or proteins release from one cell that signal changes in other cells. Examples of these are the interleukins and interferons.

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Cytokines

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Structure that is formed by the fusion of phagosome with a lysosome. The ingested microbe is subsequently digested by enzymes and acids found in the lysosome

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Phagolysosome

Front 37

Chemical signal that is released after tissue injury. It is also involved in the allergic response. Effects by this chemical are overcome by common over-the-counter medications

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Bradykins

Front 38

These proteins are released from cells infected by a virus. They stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins

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Interferons

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Secrete tears into ducts that empty on the surface of the eyes.

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Lacrimal Glands

Front 40

Dead leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, at the site of an infection that were used to degrade/destroy a pathogen from this yellow liquid.

Back 40

Pus

Front 41

These are cytokines that are produced by specifically activated lymphocytes. For example, IL-1 stimulates fever and activates helper T cells, while IL-2 activates other B and T Cells.

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Interleuken 1

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These cells are involved in the destruction of virally infected cells.

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Natural Killer

Front 43

These line all internal surfaces exposed to the environment. They are found in the GI, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts.

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Mucous Membranes

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Process by which phagocytes attach to microorganisms through the binding of complementary chemicals on the cytoplasmic membranes.

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Adherence

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This is a tough protein found in fingernails, toenails, hair and the epidermis. It helps to waterproof the skin.

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Keratin

Front 46

These produce and secrete mucus.

Back 46

Goblet cells

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These carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

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Erythrocytes

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Enzyme that degrades cell walls of bacteria rendering them sensitive to osmotic shock.

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Lysozyme

Front 49

This is a system that involves the work of over 30 distinct proteins. It results in the destruction of pathogens through cytolysis.

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Complement

Front 50

The process of "eating" once cell by another cell. It requires a lot of energy and is key to the normal function of the immune system.

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Phagocytosis

Front 51

Clinical term for swelling of tissue in response to inflammation.

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Edema

Front 52

Granulocytes that are involved in the allergic response. They release histamine and heparin stored in granules which leads to edema and vasodilation.

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Basophils

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Abbreviation for the name of the structure formed as the end result of complement activation.

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MAC

Front 54

Activation of the complement cascade by this pathway is initiated by the binding of antibodies to the surface of a pathogen.

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Classical

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Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

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Platelets

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Molecules or proteins that stimulate fever

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Pyrogens

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Process by which microorganisms are rendered more attractive to phagocytic cells by being coated with antibodies or proteins of the complement system.

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Opsonization

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When this happens in a patient, microbial metabolism is disrupted, some microbial enzymes and toxins are inactivated, and the level of immune responses are heightened because of an increased in the rate of chemical reactions

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Fever

Front 59

Movement of cells through the wall of a blood vessel

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Diapedesis

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Agranulocytes that are recruited to the site of an infection late in the inflammatory response. They are active at antigen presentation.

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Monocytes

Front 61

Layer of skin that is filled with dense fibrous tissue, is vascularized, has collagen and hyaluronic acid, and the site of inflammatory processes in the skin

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Dermis

Front 62

Molecules or proteins released by one cell that help to recruit other cells to the site of an infection. A common example is "following a scent trail".

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Chemokines

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Phagocytic cells that are active early in most bacterial infections. They help attract more leukocytes to the site of an infection. They represent about 65% of all granulocytes.

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Neutrophils

Front 64

Lymphatic vessels drain extracellular fluid to this structure. It harbors lymphocyte and other cells of the immune system.

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Lymph Node

Front 65

These cells help amplify the reaction to an infection. They are active early in the inflammatory response and release histamine and serotonin from granules. Their effect on blood vessels is to increase permeability and blood flow.

Back 65

Mast

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Substance that is composed of glycoproteins, inorganic salts and water. It is produced by goblet cells.

Back 66

Mucus