Nonspecific Host Defense

Front 1

True or false) Innate resistance is another term for immunity.

Back 1

False, innate resistance is resistance due to a condition for the survival of host or an expressed trait that prevents a specific pathogen to from infecting that specific host

Front 2

What are examples of innate resistance?

Back 2

-lack of correct chemical receptors, in humans, needed for a specific pathogen attachment

-incompatibe temperature or pH for pathogen survival

Front 3

Describe innate defenses.

Back 3

-present from birth (genetic defenses)

-Nonspecific (target large groups of organisms)

Front 4

What terms are used to describe when protection against a pathogen is induced only after exposure; specific to the agent?

Back 4

Acquired immunity / Specific adaptive

Front 5

Other than it being a barrier, name some other key features that make skin protective?

Back 5

-outside layer is dead cells making viruses unable to penetrate (need living cell to replicate)

- dry, cool, low pH

-chemicals: salt, fatty acids, lysozyme

Front 6

Which cells are beneath the surface of the skin that are defensins?

Back 6

Lymphoid cells

Front 7

Tears, saliva, vaginal secretions all caontain what enzyme?

Back 7

Lysozyme

Front 8

What is the mode of action for lysozyme?

Back 8

Attacks peptidoglycan in some bacterial cell walls.

Front 9

Portals of entry contain what important features that DO NOT protect against pathogens?

Back 9

Internal lining:

-moist

- warm

- living cells

Front 10

True or false) Mucus membranes contain many defenses.

Back 10

True

Front 11

What stimulates antiviral proteins?

Back 11

Interferons

Hint 11

Not virus specific

Front 12

Transferrin and lactoferrin are what kind of defense? What do they do?

Back 12

Chemical defense.

Binds to iron.

Front 13

What are the 2 components to the blood?

Back 13

Plasma and cells

Front 14

This is the fluid part of the blood, what is it composed of?

Back 14

Plasma

- complement

- antibodies

Front 15

The non fluid parts of blood contain:

Back 15

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Platelets - clotting

Leukocytes (WBC)

Front 16

These are the series of protiens, in the blood, waiting to be stimulated to protectively react.

Back 16

Complement

Front 17

What chain of events happen when complement is activated?

Back 17

1. Formation of membrane attack complex - cell lysis

2. Opsonization- increase phagocytosis

3. Recruit phagocytes for inflammatory response

Hint 17

F.O.R.

Front 18

Formation of membrane attack complex results in?

Back 18

Cell lysis

Front 19

Opsonization is:

Back 19

When there is an increase in phagocytosis.

Front 20

Classical and alternative pathways initiate what?

Back 20

Complement

Front 21

The classical pathway contains a

Back 21

Ab-ag complex

Front 22

This activates complement by directly binding of C to pathogen.

Back 22

Alternative pathway

Front 23

True or false) Bacteria with capsules on them can prevent complement activation. Explain.

Back 23

True, there is no access to the cell wall surface

Front 24

If a bacteria have surface lipid - carbohydrate in their cell wall, this prevents:

Back 24

MAC formation

Hint 24

Bacteria evade complement

Front 25

Enzymatic digestion of C5a is an example of:

Back 25

How bacteria evade complement

Front 26

What is diapedesis? Which cells can perform this process?

Back 26

The ability to make their way through blood vessels to the site of infection. Especially when the permeability of blood vessels is increased due to an inflammatory response.

Neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 27

True or false) Neutrophils and eosinophils cannot phagocytose

Back 27

False

Front 28

List leukocytes:

Back 28

Basophils, eosinophils, Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Hint 28

WBC

Front 29

True or False) Neutrophils are the most involved in specific immunity

Back 29

False, this is describing lymphocytes

Front 30

What do monocytes mature into?

Back 30

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Front 31

True or false) All macrophages phagocytos locally

Back 31

False, they may phag. throughout the body & fixed macrophages phag. within specific organ

Front 32

What are some examples of fixed macrophages from ppt?

Back 32

Microglia- CNS

Alveolar macrophages - lungs

Küpffer cells - liver

Front 33

These cells are often the first phagocytic cell at/near surfaces that can bring pathogen to lymph nodes to initiate immune response.

Back 33

Dendritic cells

Front 34

Describe the phases in phagocytosis.

Back 34

Front 35

What is a respiratory or oxidative burst? What results?

Back 35

Mechanism of destruction

Produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds

-superoxide

-hydrogen peroxide

-hypochlorite

-nitric oxide (NO)

Front 36

What is NET?

Back 36

Neutrophil extracellular traps

-mechanism for trapping pathogens outside the cell

Front 37

These are antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

Back 37

Opsonins

Front 38

True or false) NK cells kill bacterial infected cells and tumors & dont kill normal body cells

Back 38

False, they kill virally infected cells

Front 39

How to NK cells kill?

Back 39

Natural killer (NK) cells secrete proteins that form pores (perforin) and deposit enzymes (granzymes) into target that induce apoptosis.

Front 40

NK cells bind to

Back 40

Ubiquitous molecules & MHC class 1 molecules

Front 41

The lack of which molecule induces an attack by the NK cell?

Back 41

MHC class 1 molecules

Front 42

Why would a cell not have an MHC class 1 molecules on the surface of the cell, inducing a NK cells?

Back 42

A lot of viruses interfere with the MHC class 1 from being able to bring molecules to the surface of the cell

Front 43

True or false) Inflammation is typically a localized infection

Back 43

True