Chapter 14: World History

Front 1

Simony

Back 1

The selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church.

Front 2

Gothic Style

Back 2

A type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, that created large buildings that focused on light and beauty. They were characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed

vaulting, thin walls, high roofs, and stained glass windows.

Front 3

Pope Urban II

Back 3

He was the Pope who called for the first Crusade in 1095. He wanted the European Christian

nations to unite to win the Holy Land back from Muslim Turks.

Front 4

Crusade

Back 4

A holy war. Specifically a number of wars in which medieval Christian warriors sought to

recover control of the Holy land from the

Muslims.

Front 5

Saladin

Back 5

The powerful leader of the Muslims during the third crusade who captured Jerusalem in 1187, and signed a truce with King Richard the Lion-Hearted in 1192.

Front 6

Richard the Lion-Hearted

Back 6

The English king that was left to lead the

crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin during the Third Crusade. He made a truce with Saladin which allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city's holy places.

Front 7

Reconquista

Back 7

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the

Muslim Moors out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Front 8

Inquisition

Back 8

A church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

Front 9

Three-Field System

Back 9

It was part of the agricultural revolution, a

farming technique that left one field out of three sallow for a year to replenish the soil.

Front 10

Guild

Back 10

An organization of people in the same craft or trade, who worked together to improve the

economic or social conditions of its members.

Front 11

Commercial Revolution

Back 11

This included the expansion of trade and new ways of doing business that transformed the European economies.

Front 12

Burgher

Back 12

People who were in the merchant class and lived in towns.

Front 13

Venacular

Back 13

The everyday language of people in a region or country.

Front 14

Thomas Aquinas

Back 14

He was a scholar who argued that the most

basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning. He wrote a book called "Summa

Theologicae", which combined ancient Greek thought with Christian beliefs.

Front 15

Scholastics

Back 15

Also called Schoolmen, these men were

scholars who gathered at medieval European universities to learn and debate.

Front 16

William the Conqueror

Back 16

He was the Duke of Normandy who led the

Norman invasion of England (1066), and became the first Norman to be King of England.

Front 17

Henry II

Back 17

The 12th century English king who made

important changes to the countries Judicial system by the introduction of the jury system (later to be known as Common Law). He

married Eleanor of Aquitaine, gaining him rich French lands, and together they had King Richard the Lion-Hearted, and King John.

Front 18

Common Law

Back 18

Laws that were common to the whole kingdom and were based on past rulings in the courts. This began to replace law codes that varied from place to place.

Front 19

Magna Carta

Back 19

The Great Charter forced upon King John of

England by his barons in 1215. It established that the power of the monarchy was not

absolute and guaranteed trial by jury, and

due process of law, to the nobility.

Front 20

Parliament

Back 20

The body of representatives that makes laws for The English nation. It was created by Edward I in order to raise money for his wars in France, and against the Welsh, and Scots.

Front 21

Hugh Capet

Back 21

He was the French king who succeeded Louis the Sluggard in 987. He was an undistinguished duke from the middle of France, who started the Capetian Dynasty.

Front 22

Philip II of France

Back 22

Also known as Philip Augustus, he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He was the most powerful of the Capetian Kings and was willing to do anything to get what he wanted.

Front 23

Estates-General

Back 23

This was an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. It was a government body created to

increase the power of the king over the nobility.

Front 24

Avignon

Back 24

This was a city in southern France which

became home to the Papacy from 1305 to 1377. When Clement V was elected pope in 1305 he moved the the center of Church power to this city.

Front 25

Great Schism

Back 25

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over who should be the pope. During this time there were two, or

sometimes even three people claiming to be the true Pope.

Front 26

John Wycliffe

Back 26

He was an English reformer who translated the Bible into Anglo-Saxon, and spread radical teachings. He taught that Jesus is the head of the church not the pope, and that the Bible is the final authority for Christian life.

Front 27

Jan Hus

Back 27

He was a Czechoslovakian religious reformer who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the Pope. He was

excommunicated from the Church in 1412, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake in 1415.

Front 28

Bubonic Plague

Back 28

Also called the Black Death, this was a deadly disease that spread throughout Europe and killed one out of every three people, in the 1300's.

Front 29

Hundred Years' War

Back 29

A Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families. This war lasted from 1337 to 1453 and changed forever the the style of Warfare in Europe.

Front 30

Joan of Arc

Back 30

She was a French peasant girl who became a military leader, inspired by religious visions that told her to organize a French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII, of France, crowned king. She was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1431.

Front 31

Lay Investiture

Back 31

The appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.

Front 32

First Crusade

Back 32

(1096 to 1099) This crusade was launched by Pope Urban II and is considered the only

successful crusade because they recaptured Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.

Front 33

Second Crusade

Back 33

The crusades goal was to recapture Edessa but was a failure because of internal disagreements among the crusaders. This led to the lose of not only Edessa but also Jerusalem in 1187. [1145 to 1147]

Front 34

Fourth Crusade

Back 34

Started in 1204 this Crusade never even reached the Holy Land but instead plundered

Constantinople, a Christian City.

Front 35

Romanesque Style

Back 35

This was a style of architecture that was used in the building of churches from between 800 and 1100 AD. This style was characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches.

Front 36

St. Francis of Assisi

Back 36

The Italian saint who founded the Franciscan

order of friars in the 12th, and 13th Centuries. He believed in treating all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters.