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265 Cards in this Set
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A major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem organized to meet human needs
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Social Institution
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The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and service.
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Economy
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Commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items
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Goods
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Activities that benefit people.
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Service
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The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment
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Primary Sector
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The part of the economy that transforms raw material into manufactured goods
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Secondary Sector
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The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods.
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Tertiary Sector
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What are the two general economic models?
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Capitalists and Socialists
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No nation in the world is completely ___ or ___.
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Capitalist / Socialist
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This is an economic system in which natural resources and means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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Capitalism
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Capitalism has 3 distinctive features...
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1) Private ownership
2) Pursuit of personal profit 3) Competition and consumer choice. |
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Pure free-market system with no government interference
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Laissez-faire economy
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Freedom of the marketplace according to self-interest.
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Capital System Justice
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An economic system in which natural resources ad the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned.
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Socialism
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Socialism has 3 distinctive features...
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1)Collective Ownership
2) Pursuit of collective goals 3) Government control of the economy |
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Not competing to gain wealth but meeting everyone's basic needs in an equal manner.
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Socialist Justice
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An economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs.
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Welfare Capitalism
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An economic and poltical system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government.
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State Capitalism
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Japan, Singapore, and South Korea have examples of _____ capitalism
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State
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The total value of all goods and services produced annually.
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Gross Domestic Product
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Distribution of resources within the population
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Economic Equality
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Capitalism emphasizes freedom to pursue self-interest and depends on freedom of producers and consumers.
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Personal Freedom
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Nation's proportion of minorities are _____.
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Rising rapidly
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Computers are changing what people do in a number of ways...
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De-skill Labor
Limit workplace interaction Allow companies to relocate work. |
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Giant corporations composed of smaller corporations
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Conglomerate
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The domination of a market by a single producer
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Monopoly
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The domination of a market by a few producers. This is legal.
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Oligopoly
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The social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals, and makes decisions
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Politics
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The ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others.
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Power
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A formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
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Government
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Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive.
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Authority
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Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
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Traditional Authority
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Sometimes called "bureaucratic authority". Power legitimized by rationally enacted law.
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Rational-legal authority.
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Power legitimized by the extraordinary personal qualities of a leader.
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Charismatic Authority
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A political system system in which a single family rules from generation to generation.
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Monarchy
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Monarchies are found in ______ societies.
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agrarian
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Claim a monopoly of power based on divine right
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Absolute Monarchy
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Monarchs are little more than symbolic heads of states
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Constitutional Monarchies
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A political system that gives power to the people as a whole.
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Democracy
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Authority is in the hands of leaders who compete for office in elections
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Representative democracy
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High income countries are not truly _____
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democratic.
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A political system that denies the people participation in government
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Authoritarianism
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Examples of absolute monarchies....
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Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Military Juanta of Ethiopia
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A highly centralized political system that extensively regulates citizens' lives.
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Totalitarianism
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Politics has become a global...
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process
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Political culture of U.S summed in one word
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Individualism
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A system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population.
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Welfare State
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People organized to address some economic or social issue
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Special-interest group
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Formed by special interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political aims.
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Political Action Committees
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___% of the candidates with the most money end up ____.
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90 / winning
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An analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups.
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Pluralist Model
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An analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich.
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The Power Elite Model
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Power elite theorists say US is not a ____.
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Democracy
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A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
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Family
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A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
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Kinship
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A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing.
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Marriage
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A family composed of of parents and children as well as other kin
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Extended Family
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A family composed of one or two parents and their children.
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Nuclear Family
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Marriage between people of the same social category
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Endogamy
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Marriage between people of different social categories.
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Exogamy
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Marriage that unites two partners.
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Monogamy
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Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
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Polygamy
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A form of marriage that unites man and two or more women.
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Polygyny
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Unites one woman and two or more men.
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Polyandry
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Live with or near the husband's family
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Patrilocality
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Live with or near the wife's family
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Matrilocality
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Neolocality
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Married couple lives far apart from both sets of parents.
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Refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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Descent
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Traces kinship through males; property flows from fathers to sons
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Patrillineal descent
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By which people define only the mother's side as kin.
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Matrilineal descent
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Children recognize people on both father and mother's side.
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Bilateral descent
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This theory states family is called the backbone of society.
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Structural-Functional
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This theory considers family as central to our way of life.
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Social-Conflict
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Unites one woman and two or more men.
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Polyandry
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Live with or near the husband's family
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Patrilocality
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Live with or near the wife's family
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Matrilocality
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Neolocality
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Married couple lives far apart from both sets of parents.
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Refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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Descent
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Traces kinship through males; property flows from fathers to sons
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Patrillineal descent
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By which people define only the mother's side as kin.
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Matrilineal descent
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Children recognize people on both father and mother's side.
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Bilateral descent
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This theory states family is called the backbone of society.
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Structural-Functional
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This theory considers family as central to our way of life.
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Social-Conflict
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Unites one woman and two or more men.
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Polyandry
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Live with or near the husband's family
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Patrilocality
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Live with or near the wife's family
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Matrilocality
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Neolocality
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Married couple lives far apart from both sets of parents.
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Refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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Descent
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Traces kinship through males; property flows from fathers to sons
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Patrillineal descent
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By which people define only the mother's side as kin.
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Matrilineal descent
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Children recognize people on both father and mother's side.
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Bilateral descent
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This theory states family is called the backbone of society.
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Structural-Functional
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This theory considers family as central to our way of life.
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Social-Conflict
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This states family offers opportunity for intimacy.
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Symbolic-Interaction Approach
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This describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation.
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Social Exchange Approach
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Alliances between two extended families of similar social standing and usually involve an exchange not just of children but also of wealth and favors.
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Arranged marriage
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Affection and sexual passion toward another person.
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Romantic Love
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Marriage between people with the same social characteristics.
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Homogamy
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Industrialization transformed children from asset to..
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a liability
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Many, especially women, spend many years caring for aging parents as they did for their children.
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Sandwich generation
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Social class determines...
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A family's financial security and range of opportunities.
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Causes of divorce....
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Romantic love fades, women less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, easier to get, socially acceptable
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Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
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Family violence
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This states family offers opportunity for intimacy.
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Symbolic-Interaction Approach
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This describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation.
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Social Exchange Approach
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Alliances between two extended families of similar social standing and usually involve an exchange not just of children but also of wealth and favors.
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Arranged marriage
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Affection and sexual passion toward another person.
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Romantic Love
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Marriage between people with the same social characteristics.
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Homogamy
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This states family offers opportunity for intimacy.
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Symbolic-Interaction Approach
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Industrialization transformed children from asset to..
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a liability
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This describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation.
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Social Exchange Approach
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Many, especially women, spend many years caring for aging parents as they did for their children.
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Sandwich generation
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Alliances between two extended families of similar social standing and usually involve an exchange not just of children but also of wealth and favors.
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Arranged marriage
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Social class determines...
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A family's financial security and range of opportunities.
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Affection and sexual passion toward another person.
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Romantic Love
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Causes of divorce....
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Romantic love fades, women less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, easier to get, socially acceptable
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This states family offers opportunity for intimacy.
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Symbolic-Interaction Approach
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Marriage between people with the same social characteristics.
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Homogamy
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This describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation.
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Social Exchange Approach
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Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
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Family violence
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Industrialization transformed children from asset to..
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a liability
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Alliances between two extended families of similar social standing and usually involve an exchange not just of children but also of wealth and favors.
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Arranged marriage
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Many, especially women, spend many years caring for aging parents as they did for their children.
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Sandwich generation
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Affection and sexual passion toward another person.
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Romantic Love
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Social class determines...
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A family's financial security and range of opportunities.
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Marriage between people with the same social characteristics.
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Homogamy
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Causes of divorce....
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Romantic love fades, women less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, easier to get, socially acceptable
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Industrialization transformed children from asset to..
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a liability
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Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
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Family violence
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Many, especially women, spend many years caring for aging parents as they did for their children.
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Sandwich generation
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Social class determines...
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A family's financial security and range of opportunities.
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Causes of divorce....
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Romantic love fades, women less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, easier to get, socially acceptable
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Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
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Family violence
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Violence against women is..
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often unreported.
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All abusers of children share one trait.
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All abused themselves as children.
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Divorce rates are likely to remain...
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High
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In the future men will play a ___ role in childbearing.
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limited
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Occurring as an ordinary element of everyday life.
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Profane
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Set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence.
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Sacred
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A social institutional involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.
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Religion
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Belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence.
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Faith
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Religion like all society, is..
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socially constructed.
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Believed that particular religious ideas set into motion a wave of change that brought about industrialization.
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Max Weber and Protestantism and Capitalism
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A type of religious organization that is well-integrated into the larger society.
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Church
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A church formally allied with the state.
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State church
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Denomination
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A church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
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A type of religious organization apart from the larger society
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Sect
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Extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers.
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Charisma
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Social patterns linked to strong religious beliefs
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Low rates of divorce, delinquency, and helps unite children, parents, and local communities.
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The historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred.
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Secularization
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Will religion disappear someday?
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No.
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A conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodations in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religions.
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Fundamentalism
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A type of religious organization that is well-integrated into the larger society.
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Church
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A church formally allied with the state.
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State church
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Denomination
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A church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
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A type of religious organization apart from the larger society
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Sect
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Extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers.
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Charisma
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Social patterns linked to strong religious beliefs
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Low rates of divorce, delinquency, and helps unite children, parents, and local communities.
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The historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred.
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Secularization
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Will religion disappear someday?
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No.
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A conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodations in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religions.
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Fundamentalism
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The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.
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Education
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Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers.
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Schooling
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People who expect others to act in certain ways often encourage that very behavior.
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The self-fulfilling prophecy
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___ % of high school students enroll in college right after graduation.
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66
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The social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health.
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Medicine
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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Health
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Society affects health in 4 ways...
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Cultural patterns define health, cultural standards of health change over time, technology affects people's health, social inequality affects people's health.
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An intense type of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin
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Eating disorder
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Dieting to the point of starvation.
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Anorexia Nerovsa
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Binge eating followed by induced vomiting to avoid weigh gain
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Bulima
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Half of all overweight people in the US are ...
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obese
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Gonorrhea and syphilis can be cured with
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antibiotics
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This STD is incurable and affects 45 million adolescent adults.
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Genital herpes
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Most serve of all STDs, fatal, incurable, education is the most effective weapon
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AIDS
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Irreversible state involving no response to stimulation, no movement or breathing, no reflexes, and no indication of brain activity.
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Death
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Assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease.
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Euthanasia
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Government controls most health care
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People's Republic of China
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Transforming from state-dominated to more of a market system.
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Russian federation
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This country has socialized medicine.
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Sweden
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A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilites and employs most physicians.
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Socialized medicine
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This country has single payer model that provides health care to all.
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Canada
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A medical care system in which patients pay directly for services of physicians and hospitals.
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Direct-fee systems
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60% of US pop has ____ insurance.
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Private
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Medicare and Medicad are types of ...
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Public insurances.
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Insurance that pays costs for those over 65...
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Medicare
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Insurance that helps pay for the poor.
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Medicaid
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The study of human population
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Demography
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The incidence of childbearing in a country's population.
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Fertility
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The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
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Crude birth rate
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The incidence of death in a country's population.
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Morality
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The number of death's in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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Crude death rate
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The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year.
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Infant mortality rate
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The average life span of a country's population
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Life expectancy
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The movement of people into and out of a specified territory.
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Migration
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Number of people entering an area for every 1,000 people in the population
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Inmigration rate
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The number of people leaving for every 1,000 people.
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Out-migration rate (emigration)
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_____ is affected fertility, mortality, and migration.
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Population growth
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The highest growth region is....
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Africa
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The number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population
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Sex Ratio
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A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population.
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Age-sex pyramid
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Rapid population increase would lead to social chaos.
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Malthusian theory
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Doubling of population (2,4,8,16,32, etc.)
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Geometric Progression of population
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Limited farmland 2,3,4,5,6,etc.
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Arithmetic progression of food production
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This theory links population patterns to a society's level of technological development
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Demographic transition theory
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The level reproduction that maintain population at a steady level.
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Zero population growth
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The concentration of population into cities.
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Urbanization
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A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
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Metropolis
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Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city
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Suburbs
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A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs.
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Megalopolis
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One city with 50,000 or more people.
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Metropolitan
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Urban areas with at least one city with 10,000 to 50,000 people.
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Micropolitan
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Business centers some distance from the old downtowns
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Edge Cities
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3/4 of rural communities across the US gained population
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The rural rebound
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A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.
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Gemeinschaft
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A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest.
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Gesellschaft
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Social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values
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Mechanical solidarity
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Social bonds based on specialization and interdependence.
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Organic solidarity
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Turning out much of what goes on around one.
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The blase urbanite
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A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
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Ecosystem
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Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence.
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Environmental Deficit
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Environmental deficit is...
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reversible
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The US has a disposable...
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society
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A rise in Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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Global Warming
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Clearing rainforests reduces earth's ...
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biodiversity
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Patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorities.
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Environmental Racism
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A way of life that meets the needs of the presents generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generation.
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Ecologically sustainable culture
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The transformation of culture and social institutions over time.
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Social change
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Four characteristics of social change...
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1) social change happens all the time
2)Often unplanned 3)Controversial 4)Some changes matter more than others. |
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Material culture (things) changes faster than nonmaterial culture.
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Cultural Lag
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Three important sources of cultural change...
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Invention, discover, diffusion
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Inequality and conflict within a society also...
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change
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Population patterns also play a part in social change.
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Demographic change
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An organized activity that encourages or discourages social change.
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Social change
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The least threatening to the status quo because they seek limited change.
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Alternative social movements
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Target specific individuals and seek more radical change.
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Redemptive social movement
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Aim for limited change but target everyone
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Reformative social movement
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Most extreme, working for major transformation of entire society
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Revolutionary social movements
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The process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue.
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Claims making
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Social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something.
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Deprivation theory
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A perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison.
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Relative deprivation
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Social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of identity and purpose.
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Mass-society theory
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Links the success of any social movement to available resources
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Resource mobilization theory
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Social movements depend not only on money and other material resources but also on cultural symbols.
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Culture Theory
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Points out distinctive character of recent social movements in postindustrial societies.
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New social movements theory
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An event that is generally unexpected and that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property
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Disaster
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Floods, earthquakes, hurricanes...
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Natural disasters
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Widely regarded as an accident, more accurately the result of our inability to control technology.
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Technological disasters
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One or more organized groups intentionally harms others.
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Intentional disaster
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Social patterns resulting from industrialization.
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Modernity
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Viewed modernization as the progressive loss Gemeinshaft.
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Ferdinand Tonnies
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Specialized economic activity, becomes more pronounced with modernization.
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Division with labor
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A condition in which society provides little moral guidance.
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Anomie
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Modernity meant replacing a traditional worldview with a rational way of thinking.
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Rationalizing
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A society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties
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Mass society
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The scale of modern life has greatly increased.
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Mass society theory.
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Technological innovation allowed government to expand
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The ever expanding state
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A capitalist society with pronounced social stratification
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Capitalism
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Elites persist as capitalist millionaires.
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Persistent inequality
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Personality patterns common to members of a particular society.
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Social character
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Rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living
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Tradition-directness
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Openness to the lastest trends and fashions often expressed by imitating others.
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Other-directness
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Persistent inequality undermines modern society's promise of individual freedom.
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Problems of powerlessness
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A state of continual improvement
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Progress
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Social patterns characteristics of post-industrial societies
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Postmodernity
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