Chapter 11-The Cell Cycle

Front 1

meiosis

Back 1

leads to the production of gametes. daughter cells have half the genetic material of the parent cells.

Front 2

mitosis

Back 2

leads to the production of all other types of cells, called somatic cells. genetic material is divided and copied equally. daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cells

Front 3

Mitosis functions

Back 3

-growth
-wound repair
-asexual reproduction

Front 4

Mitosis process

Back 4

-the chromosomes condense to compact structures. Prior to mitosis, each chromosome is replicated to form a chromatid and are joined together at the centromere, these are called sister chromatids. Then to M phase.

Front 5

M Phase

Back 5

Mitotic Phase. dividing phase.

Front 6

Interphase

Back 6

Contains 2 gap phases.
G1-before the s phase
G2-between s phase and mitosis
During the G phases, organelles divide and the cell is prepared for division

Front 7

histone proteins

Back 7

package and order the DNA into structural order called nucleosomes.

Front 8

M phase has 4 parts

Back 8

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase

Front 9

Prophase

Back 9

Chromosomes condense. Polar microtubules push the poles of the cells away from eachother. Kinetochore Microtubules pull chromosomes to the poles.

Front 10

Prometaphase

Back 10

Nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus dissappears.

Front 11

Metaphase

Back 11

formation of the mitotic spindle is complete. Motor proteins cause the chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell. Imaginary plane called the metaphase plate is formed.

Front 12

Anaphase

Back 12

Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell. replicated chromosomes split into 2 unreplicated chromosomes, which become daughter chromosomes.

Front 13

Telophase

Back 13

nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosome, mitotic spindle begins to dissappear, chromosomes being to decondense.

Front 14

Mitotic Spindle

Back 14

spindle fiber that separates the chromosomes into daughter cells

Front 15

Cytokinesis

Back 15

typically occurs immediately after mitosis. the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

Front 16

Cell Plate

Back 16

cytokinesis in plant cells. occurs as vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the middle of the dividing cell. they fuse to form the cell plate

Front 17

Cleavage Furrow

Back 17

Cytokinesis in animals. occurs when a ring of actin and myosin filaments contract inside the cell membrane, causing it to pinch inward.

Front 18

Fission

Back 18

Bacteria do not undergo cytokinesis. it is similar though

Front 19

Mitosis promoting factor

Back 19

induces mitosis in eukaryotes. Consists of protein kinase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein. and cyclin subunit, which functions as a regulatory protein.

Front 20

Cyclin Dependant Kinase

Back 20

active only when bound to the cyclin subunit. When cyclin concentrations are high, more MPF is active and the target proteins are phosphorylated , initiating mitosos

Front 21

Metaphase

Back 21

formation of the mitotic spindle is complete. Motor proteins cause the chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell. Imaginary plane called the metaphase plate is formed.

Front 22

Anaphase

Back 22

Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell. replicated chromosomes split into 2 unreplicated chromosomes, which become daughter chromosomes.

Front 23

Telophase

Back 23

nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosome, mitotic spindle begins to dissappear, chromosomes being to decondense.

Front 24

Mitotic Spindle

Back 24

spindle fiber that separates the chromosomes into daughter cells

Front 25

Cytokinesis

Back 25

typically occurs immediately after mitosis. the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

Front 26

Cell Plate

Back 26

cytokinesis in plant cells. occurs as vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the middle of the dividing cell. they fuse to form the cell plate

Front 27

Cleavage Furrow

Back 27

Cytokinesis in animals. occurs when a ring of actin and myosin filaments contract inside the cell membrane, causing it to pinch inward.

Front 28

Fission

Back 28

Bacteria do not undergo cytokinesis. it is similar though

Front 29

Mitosis promoting factor

Back 29

induces mitosis in eukaryotes. Consists of protein kinase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein. and cyclin subunit, which functions as a regulatory protein.

Front 30

Cyclin Dependant Kinase

Back 30

active only when bound to the cyclin subunit. When cyclin concentrations are high, more MPF is active and the target proteins are phosphorylated , initiating mitosos

Front 31

G1 checkpoint

Back 31

the p53 protein that either pauses the cell or makes it go to apoptosis (sudden death) if the DNA is damaged.

Front 32

G2 checkpoint

Back 32

cells stop here if the DNA is damaged or if the cells stop growing here.

Front 33

Metaphase Checkpoint

Back 33

Cells stop growing here if the chromosomes are not attached correctly to the mitotic spindles,

Front 34

growth factors

Back 34

polypeptides or proteins that stimulate division of other cells.

Front 35

Rb protein

Back 35

enforces the cell to remain in the G1 phase, making it go into G0.