Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Front 1

ANATOMY

Back 1

study of structure

Front 2

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

Back 2

Gross, Microscopic, and Developmental Anatomy

Front 3

WHAT IS GROSS ANATOMY

Back 3

the study of regional, systemic and surface anatomy

Front 4

WHAT IS MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Back 4

the study of cytology & histology

Front 5

PHYSIOLOGY

Back 5

study of the function of the body

Front 6

****PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY***

Back 6

Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable. Function always reflects structure. What structure can do depends on its specific form

Front 7

TO STUDY ANATOMY

Back 7

Mastery of anatomical terms

observation

manipulation

palpation

ausculation

Front 8

HOW MANY SYSTEMS IN THE BODY

Back 8

11 systems

Front 9

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Back 9

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organismal

Front 10

NESSESARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Back 10

-Maintaining boundaries between internal and external enviroments

-Movement

-Responsiveness

-Digestion

-Metabolism

-Excretion

-Reprodution

-Growth

Front 11

CATABOLIC

Back 11

Metabolism chemical reaction breaks things down

Front 12

ANABOLIC

Back 12

Metaboism chemical reaction synthesis

Front 13

A BODIES SURVIAL NEEDS

Back 13

-Nutrients

-Oxygen

-Water

-Normal Body Temp

-Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Front 14

HOMEOSTASIS

Back 14

Maitenance of a relatively stable internal enviroment despite continuos changes in the enviroment

Front 15

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

Back 15

Communication necessary for monitoring and regulating homeostasis

Front 16

WHICH SYSTEMS PERFORM THE FUNCTIONS FOR HOMEOSTATIC COMMUNICATION

Back 16

Nervous and endocrine systems

Front 17

COMPONENTS OF A CONTROL MECHANISM

Back 17

-Receptor (sensor)

travels the AFFERENT pathway

-Control Center (BRAIN)

travels the EFFERENT pathway to

-Effector (muscles or glands)

Front 18

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Back 18

Responses that reduce or shuts off orgininal stimulus

examples: heart rate, breathing rate, thirst, regulation of body temp, regulation of blood volume by ADH

Front 19

REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME BY ADH

Back 19

-Receptors sense decreased blood volume

-Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH

-ADH causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood

Front 20

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Back 20

response enhances original stimulus

example: labor contractions, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Front 21

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

Back 21

Disturbance of homeostasis

increases risk of disease

contributes to changes associated with aging

Front 22

SOLVENT

Back 22

disolved into

Front 23

VISCERA

Back 23

Organs

Front 24

AXIAL PART

Back 24

head, neck, trunk

Front 25

APPENDICULAR PART

Back 25

appendages or limbs

Front 26

DEEP

Back 26

away from the skin suface, more internal

Front 27

SUPERFICIAL

Back 27

toward or at body surface

Front 28

DISTAL

Back 28

farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Example: The ankle is distal to the thigh.

Front 29

PROXIMAL

Back 29

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Example: The arm is proximal to the wrist.

Front 30

LATERAL

Back 30

on the outer side of

Front 31

MEDIAL

Back 31

on the inner side of

Front 32

DORSAL

Back 32

behind

Front 33

VENTRAL (ANTERIOR)

Back 33

in front of

Front 34

SUPERIOR

Back 34

above

Front 35

ANATOMICAL POSTION

Back 35

The body is erect with feet slightly apart with palms facing forward

Front 36

CEPHALIC

Back 36

head

Front 37

FRONTAL

Back 37

forehead

Front 38

ORBITAL

Back 38

eyes

Front 39

NASAL

Back 39

nose

Front 40

ORAL

Back 40

mouth

Front 41

MENTAL

Back 41

chin

Front 42

INFERIOR

Back 42

below

Front 43

CERVICAL

Back 43

neck

Front 44

THORACIC

Back 44

chest

Front 45

STERNAL

Back 45

breastbone

Front 46

AXILLARY

Back 46

armpits

Front 47

MAMMARY

Back 47

breasts

Front 48

ABDOMINAL

Back 48

umbilical

Front 49

INGUINAL

Back 49

groin

Front 50

OTIC

Back 50

ear

Front 51

OCCIPITAL

Back 51

back of head

Front 52

ACROMIAL

Back 52

shoulder

Front 53

BRACHIAL

Back 53

arm

Front 54

ANTECUBITAL

Back 54

front of elbow

Front 55

OLECRANAL

Back 55

elbow

Front 56

ANTEBRACHIAL

Back 56

forearm

Front 57

CARPAL

Back 57

wrist

Front 58

MANUS

Back 58

hand

Front 59

POLLEX

Back 59

thumb

Front 60

METACARPAL

Back 60

top of hand

Front 61

PALMAR

Back 61

palm of hand

Front 62

DIGITAL

Back 62

fingers

Front 63

COXAL

Back 63

hip

Front 64

FEMORAL

Back 64

thigh

Front 65

PATELLAR

Back 65

knee

Front 66

POPLITEAL

Back 66

behind knee

Front 67

CRURAL

Back 67

leg

Front 68

SURAL

Back 68

calf

Front 69

FIBULAR

Back 69

side of calf

Front 70

PEDAL

Back 70

foot

Front 71

TARSAL

Back 71

ankle

Front 72

METATRSAL

Back 72

top of foot

Front 73

HALLUX

Back 73

big toe

Front 74

DIGITAL

Back 74

toes

Front 75

PLANTAR

Back 75

bottom of foot

Front 76

CALCANEAL

Back 76

heal

Front 77

DORSAL

Back 77

back

Front 78

SCAPULAR

Back 78

shoulder blade

Front 79

VERTEBRAL

Back 79

spinal column

Front 80

LUMBAR

Back 80

lower back right next to spinal column

Front 81

SACRAL

Back 81

tailbone

Front 82

GLUTEAL

Back 82

posterior (butt)

Front 83

PERINEAL

Back 83

space between anus and external genitalia

Front 84

SAGITTAL PLANE

Back 84

vertical planes splitting a body into right and left

Front 85

FRONTAL PLANE

Back 85

vertical planes splitting a body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 86

CROSS SECTION

Back 86

horizontal plane splitting a body into superior and inferior parts

Front 87

TWO INTERNAL BODY CAVITIES

Back 87

dorsal and ventral cavities

Front 88

DORSAL BODY CAVITY

Back 88

Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity

Front 89

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

Back 89

Thoracic cavity and Abominopelvic cavity

Front 90

THORACIC CAVITY

Back 90

Pleural cavity, Mediastinum cavity, Pericardial cavity

Front 91

PLEURAL CAVITY

Back 91

contains lungs

Front 92

MEDIASTINUM CAVITY

Back 92

medial of the pleural cavity

Front 93

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Back 93

encloses the heart

Front 94

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Back 94

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Front 95

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Back 95

contains digestive viscera

Front 96

PELVIC CAVITY

Back 96

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Front 97

SEROSA/SEROUS MEMBRANE

Back 97

a thin double layer membrane covering the outer surfaces of the organs in the ventral body cavity

Front 98

PARIETAL SEROSA

Back 98

the membrane lining the cavity wall

Front 99

SEROUS FLUID

Back 99

fluid between the serous membranes

Front 100

PARIETAL & VISCERAL PERICARDIUM

Back 100

serous membranes around the heart

Front 101

PARIETAL & VISCERAL PLEURAE

Back 101

serous membranes around the lungs

Front 102

PARIETAL & VISCERAL PERITONEUM

Back 102

associated with the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 103

MEDICAL QUADRANTS

Back 103

Front 104

ANATOMISTS DIVISIONS

Back 104

Front 105

ORAL & DIGESTIVE CAVITIES

Back 105

contain the teeth and tongue. continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus

Front 106

NASAL CAVITY

Back 106

located within and posterior to the nose

Front 107

ORBITAL CAVITY

Back 107

in the skull; houses the eyes

Front 108

MIDDLE EAR CAVITY

Back 108

contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear

Front 109

SYNOVIAL CAVITIES

Back 109

joint cavities